Profession of Arms Essay

Characterizing the Army as a profession is a widely debated issue. Some attest that the military employs a small cadre of professionals, yet this does not qualify the entire vocation as a profession. Others are not so kind and paint a picture of mindless robots simply following orders. The debate rages because it is fundamentally difficult to find an absolute definition for a profession. This troublesome task is further exasperated because the trust of the public ultimately certifies a profession. Nevertheless, the principle characteristic that remains constant to all professions is that they possess a guiding ethic that controls the effective application of their expertise.1 The Army constitutes a profession because it possesses an ethical framework that is intrinsically present within the institution. As it relates to a professional ethic, all professions possess a code that governs the moral, ethical and legal activities of their members. For example, The American Medical Association’s Code of Medical Ethics holds to the Oath of Hippocrates.2 This oath is Western civilization’s expression of the ideal conduct of a physician.3 Lawyers also take an oath of office that anchors them to the ethical practice of their craft. This code of ethics provides parameters for lawyers on how they should conduct their affairs and matters ranging from client confidentiality to conflict of interest.4 Similarly, all members of the United States Army swear or affirm an oath upon initial entry. The Oath of Enlistment or the Oath of Office marks the beginning of each Soldier’s military service and their commitment to a higher ethic. This oath is the bedrock of the Soldier’s moral and legal principles. The Army Values, the Soldier’s Creed and the Warrior Ethos exemplify the pinnacle of the Army’s organizational ethic. Some might argue that many organizations have a similar ethic, yet they are not a p rofession. Why are athletic teams that incorporate and enforce team rules, not considered professions? Another issue concerning the Army professions ethical barometer stems from comments made by senior Army officials like General Maxwell Taylor, the fifth Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. According to him, as long as a man performed his duty he  was fine. â€Å"For [GEN] Taylor, a good [S]oldier, even a good [O]fficer, could be a bad man.†5 What these dissentions fail to consider is that the Army, or any profession, does not singularly apply its ethic to the daily living of its members. Concerning the members of an athletic organization, it must be understood that one does not ethically hit, pass or throw a ball. Athletes do not apply ethical guidelines in the performances of their sports. Conversely, GEN Taylor fails to realize how private character affects the ability to command troops. One cannot compartmentalize the ethic of professionals into private and public sectors. Professionals apply their ethic to the application of their craft on behalf of the society they s erve. 6 Soldiers, like all members within a profession, must exercise their ethic in the execution of their work, not just in their private lives. Although, a universal criterion to qualify a particular vocation as a profession is difficult to quantify, the possession of a guiding ethic is common to all professional definitions. The Army is a profession because throughout its ranks it has continued to operate within the ethical framework it has set forth for itself. The Army, as a profession, demonstrates not only that it possesses ethical cannon, but is committed to operating by it. The Army Values, the Soldier’s Creed and the Warrior Ethos are the natural outpouring of these ethical cannon. Regardless of these facts, it remains unique to a profession that they cannot simply declare themselves a profession.7 The public reserves the right to determine so. Americans will only continue to regard the Army as a profession based on our effective and ethical application of landpower.8 Des pite many ethical failings, the American people recognize that the Army possesses the courage to hold its members ethically accountable and therefore legitimize itself as a profession of arms. Bibliography Pbs.org,. ‘NOVA | The Hippocratic Oath Today’. Last modified 2014. Accessed September 12, 2014. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/hippocratic-oath-today.html. Robinson, Paul. Ethics Training And Development In The Military. Ebook. 1st ed., 2007. Accessed September 11, 2014. http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Articles/07spring/robinson.pdf. Training and Doctrine Command, â€Å"An Army White Paper: The Profession of Arms,† 8 December 2010, 2. http://www.benning.army.mil/armor/content/PDF/Profession%20of%20Arms%20White%20Paper%208%20Dec%2010.pdf U.S. Department of the Army. The Army Profession. Army Doctrine and Training Publications 1. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Army, June 13, 2013. Accessed September 11, 2014. http://armypubs.army.mil/doctrine/DR_pubs/dr_a/pdf/adrp1.pdf. YourDictionary.com,. ‘Code Of Ethics Examples’. Last modified 2014. Accessed September 11, 2014. http://examples.yourdictionary.com/code-of-ethics-examples.html.

Social Organizations in Turkey

This paper examines that social organizations in Turkey. The efforts of civil initiatives emerged. against to increasing and diversifying problems of World such as war, conflict, natural disasters, famine, drought, environmental problems, infectious diseases, educational issues,When the goverment institutions cannot provide basic sevices , civil society organizations engaged in. In modern Turkey women rights start with revolutions of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk outlawed polygamy and abolished Islamic courts in favour of secular institutions. After that in 2001 Turkish Civil Code changed.This change provides women equal rights with men in terms of marriage, divorce and property ownership. In addition , Penal Code provides female sexuality for the first time as a matter of individual rights, rather than family honour. Nowadays Tutkey has so many organizations which protects women right and women’s shelter foundations. On the other hand its hard to say that most of them reach their goals. Most of this organizations locate in urban area,however there are a few organizations in rural area. In Turkey women who live in rural area are need more protection orf their rights.In addtion most of women cannot join these organizations because of their family or husband. In Turkey ,sivil society organizations have great importance because of the goverment cannot its duty. I choose foundation for the Support of Women’s Work (FSWW),its a reformist,revisionist and expressive social organization. In addition FSWW is against to group conflict in Turkey. I heard this organization from a friend of my mother. I went their Office in Beyoglu,and interview with a kind woman who Works there as a volunteer general secretary.The first aim of FSWW is that recognizes basic women’s knowledge and effort in fighting poverty and contruction of their lifes ,and right to set up and solutions to their own concerns. Secondly,respects local woman values and avoids isolate themselves from their society. Thirdly,women are equal to men and it should be consideres as liet hat all over the society. Finally,they think that women’s equal participation in political and economic can only be achieved at the community or local level , is cooperation between local authorites and other stakeholders in society.When I ask her ‘why you choose this organization’ she answered – ‘Acording to me this is the right place to defend the women rights and proviede jobs for women to gain them into the society and giving women economical freedom. ’ According to informaton that I learn from she FSWW aims to help to women to determine their individual and collective priories, develop and implement joint solutions,develope their capacity and strenghten communication between them. In addition it supports training ,credit ,cnsulting and marketing in order to increase women’s participation in conomic procesess.These are some pro grams of FSWW ; Early Child Care and Education Programs FSWW develop alternative ways in expanding early child care and education services to low-income communities, through the leadership and advocacy role of grassroots women. With an educational approach bringing the children, families, educators and the community together, women cooperatively manage high quality early childcare and education programs. This program is internationally awarded and accredited by Vanderbilt University(USA). [1] Business Development SupportTraining and monitoring support to enable women to develop business ideas by analyzing the existing local economic and market opportunities and their own skills, and new products with market potential are developed and women’s skills are improved accordingly. [2] Saving Groups Hundreds of women are organized in saving groups of 10-15 members where they bring their own savings and create their own funds to borrow for their financial needs. [3] NAHIL Shop: FSWW established a shop at the ground floor of its building in Istanbul, where various kinds of products (handmade accessories, decorations etc. produced by women from all around Turkey are sold as well as second hand clothes. The women’s products are also marketed through internet on the shop’s web site and other e-commerce sites. FSWW also created a regular second hand bazaar under the same name, with local branches run by women initiatives, the profit of which goes to local early child care and education initiatives. [4] ? On the other ,In Turkey so many women cannot join these programs because of their husband or family pressure. According to she ,their first aim to help these women who cannot join these programs because of society pressure.It is very easy to being a member of FSWW. After the registration ,members can be aware of the meeting by the telephone and mail. So many women find out this organization by word out mouth and by the internet site. Group conflict and gender is one of the most important issues of Turkish Society. So many women treated as second-class citizens. Social organizations such as FSWW try to change this idea. In addition goverment is not succesfull in terms of defending women rights. The law system is dominated by men because of that decisions are always protects men firstly.

Buteyko Breathing for Bronchial Asthma

Buteyko Breathing for Bronchial Asthma Lung disease is any pathology that occurs in the lung components and causes the lungs not to function properly and this may lead to serious problems that may cause death. They are considered the third killing factor worldwide. Lung diseases include emphysema , bronchitis, bronchial asthma, pulmonary failure, pneumonia, tuberculosis and pulmonary embolism. These diseases have the following signs and symptoms which are coughing, dyspnea, short breaths, noisy breath sound, fever, chest pain , and using accessory muscle of the neck which include scalene, upper trapezium and sternocleidmastoid muscles. The common causes of these lung diseases are smoking, infections, and genetics factors (Simon, 2000). Treatment of lung disease includes medications like corticosteroid, bronchodilators, antibiotics, and physical therapy that will give patients breathing exercises. One of the most common chronic obstructive disease, is bronchial asthma. Bronchial asthma is the fifth reason for hospitalized worldwide. Physiotherapists used to treat bronchial asthma patients who have hyperventilation symptoms using breathing exercises known as buteyko breathing technique (BBT) in additional to bronchial asthma therapy. (Bishop, 2007) Background Professor Konstantin Buteyko was a Russian physiologist (1932-2003) , who gave his name to a treatment for bronchial asthma patients. The whole idea started in 1960s when he came with the idea that shallow breathing is going to help patients who suffer from hyperventilation like bronchial asthma and stenocardia. He suggested that hyperventilation lead to decrease the amount of blood that is going to alveoli and low- level of CO2 lead to bronchoconstriction which increase hyperventilation. (Bishop, 2007) Literature Review Robert L. and other on 2007 tried to evaluate the efficiency of a non à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬ pharmacological intervention Buteyko Breathing Technique (BBT) in patients with asthma with their corticosteroid medication consumpt ion. The design of the study was a randomized control trail of buteyko technique involving 182 subject divided into group of adult with asthma their age ranged from 18-50 years old. While the control group was trained by physiotherapy for relaxation breathing technique. The main results measures by level of asthma control, defined by composite score based on Canadian asthma consensus reported 6 months after completion of intervention. The consequences show that both groups had related enhancement and a high amount with asthma control six months after accomplishment of the intervention. In the Buteyko group the degree with asthma control increased from 40% to 79% percent and in the control group from 44% to 72%. The main conclusion that six month after completion of the intervention, a large majority of subject in each group shown control of their asthma with the additional benefits of lessening in inhaled corticosteroid use in buteyko group.(Robert, 2007) McHugh on 2003 made a study to evaluate the impact of buteyko breathing technique (BBT) on medication consumption in asthma patients. The method used is a blinded randomized control trail comparing BBT with medication control . It was directed over 38 people with asthma aged between 18-70 years. Members were followed for six months. Medication use and tempts of ventilator function were recorded. The results exhibited that BBT group shown a lessening in inhaled steroid use of 50% only and beta-agonist use 85% after six month from intervention. In the control group there was no significant outcomes. The main conclusion that BBT is a safe and effective for asthma controlling for it is sign and symptoms. BBT has clinical and potential pharm-economics benefits that must have advance studies.(McHugh, 2003)

Article brief Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Brief - Article Example The methodology used by the study to come up with a fraud model involved three steps. The first step was to data of a public company from 1995 to 2002. A sample of 100 companies was split into fraud and non-fraud companies (McKee, 2014). The third step was to test 15 predictive variables to determine those that were good predictors of fraud status. The fraud companies were selected from SEC Enforcement Release that provided publicly reported fraud. Non-fraud companies were matched with the fraud companies in terms of three criteria including market value, positive change of 25% in net income, and standard industrial classification (McKee, 2014). The predictive variables were derived from prior research literature. Analysis of the data involved binary logistic regression using fraud status as the variable to be predicted. The variables used when analysing the 15 predictive variables include company size, auditor tenure, and McKee-Lensberg bankruptcy probability. The fraud model was tested with 91 companies which were in the original sample. The other 9 companies not included in testing did not have data for at least one of the three variables used to analyse the predictive variables (McKee, 2014). A company with fraud probability greater than 50 was regarded as a fraud company while a company with less than 50% probability of fraud was regarded as a non-fraud company. The results of the study are that the model predicted 63 of the tested companies’ fraud status correctly. This reflected 69.2% level of accuracy. The model also predicted fraud status of 28 companies incorrectly, reflecting 30.8% rate of error. This model can be compared favourably to the fraud model developed by Alden et al (2012) which showed 75% accuracy of training rates and 64% accuracy of validation. This article is important because it provides a fraud model that can be used by auditors to develop standards

MISSISON STATEMENT OF NONPROFIT ORGANIZATION Research Paper

MISSISON STATEMENT OF NONPROFIT ORGANIZATION - Research Paper Example All through these years, the organization made continuous attempts towards spreading out its offered services always with the intention to put a stop to along with alleviating suffering (American Red Cross, 2012). The paper will intend to assess the mission statement of the organization in order to ascertain its effectiveness. Consecutively to ascertain the effectiveness of the mission statement of the non-profit organization, it becomes necessary to gain a lucid comprehension regarding its activities. Presently, the organization focuses on not only providing aid related to domestic catastrophes but it even puts in its contributions and endeavours towards providing empathetic relief services in other fields as well. The American Red Cross was found to extend its helping hand by way of making available community supported services for assisting the deprived and poor. It is also learnt to support along with consoling and reassuring the military members and also their respective immedia te families accompanied. The organization is also found to undertake initiatives for gathering, processing and dispensing lifesaving blood and the other relevant products. Various educational curriculums are provided by the organization in order to trigger general consciousness for the promotion of better health as well as safety and providing international aid along with conducting numerous development programs (American Red Cross, 2012). ... Around four million individuals have been predicted to donate their blood with the help of this organization which makes it one of the major and leading blood suppliers as well as products in the entire United States (US). The American Red Cross is also learnt to extend their support and aid to the several service members of the US who need to live staying away from their respective families owing to the nature of their military duty by way of keeping them connected with their families. The Red Cross on the whole commands a national association of almost 186 nationwide societies and with mutual cooperation and support aids in reinstating hope as well self-esteem to the globe’s most weak and defenseless individuals (American Red Cross, 2012). Majority of the volunteers along with the employees engaged with Red Cross are believed to serve around 70, 000 sufferers of catastrophes in both the large as well as small communities every year. It was estimated that on an average above 9 million individuals are provided training by Red Cross on the aspects of water safety, first aid accompanied with various other skills which are believed to prove to be helpful in saving lives each year. It was also predicted in this context regarding the considered organization that on the basis of a made average around 91 cents with respect to each Dollar spent by Red Cross gets invested or contributed towards the compassionate programs as well as services. As already mentioned that Red Cross functions and operates as a non-profit organization for which reason it remains heavily dependent on the donations related to money, blood and time in order to keep on carrying out and maintain a constant flow of its services (American Red Cross, 2012). Although the organization is believed to be

Answer questions- Business paper Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Answer questions- Business paper - Coursework Example Some studies have also shown a relation between animal cruelty and human violence. Therefore, reduction in animal abuse can also cause some reduction in the violence among humans. There is a difference between the animals that are kept as pets and those that are raised for food. However, the treatment of the animals kept in farms and other places that are raised as food are entitled to a certain treatment. They are living beings and this gives them the rights of fair treatment, proper food and a good living environment. As portrayed by the film, a consumer wanting faster, cheaper food has altered the way chickens are raised. Is this a similar situation to the industry responding to consumer demand for cheaper products by hiring low-wage workers overseas? Why? Why not? I do not believe that the connotations are similar. Low wage workers that are being hired overseas are employed at rates that are lower than those that would be available within the country, however, for those workers, these wages are what are being offered generally within the country that they live in. the rates are not less than the average wage rate in the country hence, they are not been exploited and that the advantage of hiring them at low wages is generated through the technological advancements and the ability to work beyond the limitations of national boundaries. Chickens, being injected with anti-biotic and steroids cause abnormal growth and as seen in films inc, has tremendous effects over their health as their organs cannot keep up with the increase in body mass. This also results in animals dying which is highly unethical. Moreover, the conditions that the chickens are kept in are inhumane and they are being treated as raw material of mass production rather than living beings. The film gives the impression that food is either cheap or healthy. Do you think it is true that food is either one or the other, or is this a false dichotomy? The film shows that the food that is processed in large quantities and to a large number of consumers is using products that are cheaper in order for the end product to be cheaper, hence, more attractive to the purchaser. It is not necessary that the food that is cheap would not be healthy but the fact is that this is the way that the large corporations are making it. Large corporations make the products using cheap raw material and low cost methods for mass production that in turn produces food that is unhealthy. The film projects that the monopoly of large corporations is affecting the healthy food items and by offering cheaper products they are attracting the customers but they are actually putting a veil over the material that is used in the production and the processes that are implemented. In the film, we see that Stonyfield Yogurt is now owned by Groupe Danone, Tom’s of Maine by Colgate, Kashi by Kellogg, and Burt’s Bees by Clorox, which are all large corporation. Why might corporations continue marketing the s mall companies’ products under their original labels, as we saw in the film? How do you think consumers might react to learning that the products are actually made by big corporations? Small Corporations are known for their quality and authenticity. These products are preferred by consumers who are overwhelmed with choices from the large corporation that obstruct the healthy contents of the product through mass production. Burt's bees for example, produced products that started off with a mere room where the owner used real

Business - Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business - Decision Making - Essay Example For example, the depreciation in the value of a car as time passes and the distance it is driven is done by simple regression. But this type of situation rarely exists since there are many complex factors or variables that exist in the real world. If we want to calculate the future earning of a person taking only his years in school is simple regression, but it is not accurate since other factors like age, qualification, industry, experience are not taken into account. If we take all these factors into account the situation becomes more complex and hence multiple regressions would have to be used. Linear regression is used in similar circumstances as a simple regression. A relationship between height and weight of adults can be presented in a linear regression. The heights and weights are marked on a graph and a straight line is drawn through the middle. On the other hand nonlinear regression (NLREG) is used in more complex situations. "NLREG is a powerful statistical analysis program that performs linear and nonlinear regression analysis, surface and curve fitting." (NLREG). After the taking over of Company W, WidgeCorp is supposed to be one of the leading industries under marketing of snack foods and beverages. Their style of management and business decision-making was different from the company W. The WidgeCoThe WidgeCorp wanted their employees to collect relevant information's by doing statistical analysis and make use of the information gathered for decision making and further action, unlike the company W which actually relied on experience and judgment of their managers. (Problem, 2008). By the next year, within the industry, the sale of snacks and cold beverages are supposed to be the largest product segments, and these 2 categories will become driving force of the industry. The cold beverages are acquiring space in almost all shops with a high proportion in hotel groups and restaurants. Cold storage machines grew at an even more impressive 42% in 1999, with this growth coming at the expense of shelf-stable products. According to the National Restaurant Association, revenues from restaurants as far as cold beverages are concerned are expected to reach $321 billion in 1999. This cold beverages industry is concerned as a large and healthy industry in our economy, and suppliers to this industry are expected to benefit from this growth. The chances of progress of a industry which is fast moving and innovative which can introduce enhanced products to the restaurants and other needy customers stand to gain significant market share in a relatively short time span. The company can market its cold beverages to three distinct market segments including; distributors, branded sandwich and juice manufacturers, and end users, whose main focus will be on restaurants and hotels. (Vending services business plan, 1996-2008). According to AC Neilson figures, in the cold beverage industry there has been a continuous increase in sales figures. The market saw considerable growth in , rising by 214% in 2002 and 2003, A survey commissioned by the company Squeeze last year showed that 53% of Irish people drink fruit juice almost daily. Sales figures intimated that Britain now consumes 2.2 billion

Seacoast Science Center Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Seacoast Science Center - Term Paper Example 7 Financial measurement 7 Donor dependence ratio 8 Non financial measurement 9 Competitive advantages 9 What can the SSC do to overcome the â€Å"$50,000 question†? Is this question the real problem facing SSC? 10 Would raising the admission fee negatively affect SSC’s financial situation? Explain. 11 Conclusion and recommendations 12 Executive summary The seacoast science Center is located in the Odiorne Point State Park in Rye, New Hampshire. The center served as an educational center for the local environment and the visitors’ center for the park. Just like for-profit-organizations, not-for-profit organizations operate in internal and external environments, both of which present forces that must be considered in determining the sustainability of the organization. Strengths and weaknesses are the internal factors that can be controlled by the management while opportunities and threats are the external forces that affect the whole industry, and which the organiz ation cannot control. Besides, competitive advantages will be examined – these are the factors that enable the company sell its goods/services despite there being rival organizations’ dealing with similar goods/services. Other issues that will be tackled in this report include: how to measure success, how to address the $50,000 question and the possible impacts of raising admission fees. Introduction/background The facility called Seacoast Science Center was opened in 1992, with Parks as the facility’s owner, Audibon Society of New Hampshire (ASNHH) as the managing sponsor and the Advisory Committee as the governing body. The director of the visiting center was Wendy Lull, who served as the first employee. During the year of starting, the center attracted 65,000 visitors, a number that grew to 100,000 by 1999, which was above its capacity. In November 2001, the Seacoast Science Center, Inc., an independent nonprofit organization took over the management contract for the center. Currently, SCC is grappling with a deficit budget, a problem that is giving Wendy Lull, the organization’s president, an endless headache. One of the options that is being cited to address this problem includes raising of the admission fees, but again it is argued that such a move could keep off the donors and perhaps make it difficult for the visitors to raise the fees, especially because people do not highly value the kind of services offered by perks. This report will analyze the organization’s SWOT, discusses ways of measuring its success, and look at its competitive advantages among other issues. SWOT Analysis Strengths 1. The organization’s programs strength is lying in its ability to track changes over time - through the use of simple technology. 2. SSC has a mix of staff and trained volunteers. The staff is always commended for engagement and commitment. The competence of staff is revealed by Wendy’s remarks that â€Å"—we all do visitor programs, we’re out there, you’re teaching people, you’re interacting with them† (Naumes and Lull, 2012: 10). 3. Educational programs are available for all ages, ranging from kindergarten through high school. This makes it easy for SSC to get many clients throughout the year. 4. The programs are very simple; hence, people can get involved without much hassle. 5. The organization has adopted technology including websites, direct mail and press release. These platforms are highly valuable for marketing purposes, which gives the organization a competitive edge. 6. The numbers of visitors are growing rapidly every year. 7. The change in management to SCC Inc. in 2001 allowed the management and staff to focus on the organization’s mission. This offered SSC a financial freedom, including having its own members and donors. 8. The new chairman, Pam Hall, has

Doctrine of consideration Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Doctrine of consideration - Article Example As a matter of positive law, the doctrine of consideration crystallized in the reign of Elizabeth I into a number of rules which are still clearly recognizable by the modern common lawyer. First, if a person received a benefit at the hands of the 11romise for which he promised to pay, the benefit was a sufficient consideration: in effect, the promise here was bought and paid for. Second, if the 11romise acted to his detriment in reliance on the promise, so that the non-fulfilment of the promise would cause him actual pecuniary loss, the detriment was a sufficient consideration. ... ions that created debts; In popular etymology this was the very essence of the idea of contract, actus contra actum; With the shift towards liability based on promises, at least on the surface, it was by no means obvious that the same theory should apply, and there developed an alternative formulation of the criteria that marked off binding promises from non-binding ones; by the second half of the sixteenth century this had come to be known as 'consideration' (Ibbetson, 1999, 141). In order to understand its nature and development, it is essential to look at it on two levels, the formal and the substantial. In formal terms, 'it is difficult to talk of any doctrine of 'consideration' before about 1560; While it seems clear that lawyers before this time had the idea that there was some additional factor that was needed to make promises binding, there was no consistent way of describing it; The sources reveal a variety of terms: consideration, causa, recompense, quid pro quo. As the act ion of assumpsit became established, consideration emerged as the term that described the necessary feature. At a straightforward linguistic level, 'consideration' meant little more than 'reason' or 'motive', so that the consideration for a promise can be seen as the reason for which it was made while the standard definition of it found by the early seventeenth century underlines this: 'A cause or occasion meritorious requiring mutual recompense, in fact or in law. Substantively speaking, though, such a definition of consideration seriously misrepresents its meaning' (Ibbetson, 1999, 142) The earliest example of a case in which there is an express averment of consideration is Newman v. Gylbert (1549). The plaintiff declared on a payment of five shillings and also averred that the defendant

Greed of Capitalists Essay Example for Free

Greed of Capitalists Essay In The Grapes of Wrath, the author, John Steinbeck utilizes intercalary chapters to portray the calamity and desolation that wandering farmers faced in Oklahoma during the Great Depression. Steinbeck employs chronic symbols, motifs, and specific narrative intervals to connect each intercalary chapter with its neighboring narrative counterparts in order to unify and strengthen the dominant themes of the novel. The intercalary episodes highlight perseverance of the Okies, the greed of capitalists, and the inhumanity of many who belittle the displaced families from Oklahoma. Despite the predicament of the meager farmers, Steinbeck provides his readers with a sense of hope through the respect for survivors and the tough pioneer spirit. Steinbeck highlights the perseverance of the Okies, in Chapters One and Three, through the turtle’s continuous struggle across the highway and the men’s resilient attitudes following tragedy. The turtle represents all the migrant workers that are evicted from their homes and fall victim to the hostile environment yet continue to persist through their journey, especially the Joads. The turtle in its attempt to make it through life â€Å"[boosts] and [drags] his shell along† representing the slow but determined traveling of the workers. In the same way that life becomes more difficult for the Okies, the hills get steeper for the turtle and â€Å"more frantic† grow its efforts (15). The Joads’ strong willed determination to make it to California provides a sense of hope that although it will be difficult and some person seeking the enjoyment of mocking one who is worse off than he is, may â€Å"[swerve] to hit [them]† their fortitude will result in triumph. In Chapter One the winds come and dust covers the lands demolishing all the crops. The women and children looked to see if the men would â€Å"break† knowing that as long as he stood firm â€Å"no misfortune was too great to bear.† The men remained relentless revealing the persistent nature of the Okies. Steinbeck demonstrates the injustice done unto the Okies, in Chapters Five and Seven, through the property owners and used car salesmen. In Chapter Five the owner men came to the Okies land to tell them they had to leave, the land was getting to be poor and they were unable to pay their taxes. The farmers protest, claiming that they have been on this land for generations and that they will have nowhere to go; they are told to go to California where there are many opportunities to make money. These families represent the Joads being kicked off their land by â€Å"the bank—the monster [who] has to have profits all the time†¦ When the monster stops growing, it dies. It can’t stay one size† (92). Steinbeck describes the greed and injustice of the â€Å"monster† with a tone of complete and utter antipathy revealing the lack of feelings and desensitization towards the suffering the farmers were being subject to. Later when the farmers choose to stay, the bank sends a man with a tractor to force the Okies off their land. The heartless man controlling the tractor seems to become a part of the machine, destroying any human sensitivity becoming incapable of intercession he does not even â€Å"look like a man† but rather he looks like â€Å"a robot in the seat† (94). The man blinded by greed chooses to forget his friends and convince himself that there is â€Å"no call to worry about anybody’s kids but [one’s] own.† The young man is willing to betray his community for a comfortable life, explaining to the tenant that he must knock down the tenant’s house, â€Å"got to keep the lines straight.† Tommy discovers, upon arriving home, that the same thing has happened to his old house. The connection between the two stories transfers a sense of sympathy towards the tenant farmers, and anger towards the inhumanity of the driver, to the story of the Joads. In chapter seven Steinbeck highlights the injustice done to the Okies by describing the used car salesman and the way he tricked tenant farmers out of excessive amounts of money. The tenant farmers, new to the world of salesmen, don’t have a choice to be without a car and are forced to ignore the fact that they are being sold a run down car for a price that far exceeds the amount it is worth. The chapter is written in a singsong melodic format in order to symbolize the bounce of a car rolling down the road, quick-paced and crude. Throughout the chapter a car salesman and his assistant utilize the lack of knowledge and desperation of the evacuees to force them into deals by complaining that they’re â€Å"taking up [their] time then walking out† on the deal. The disrespect and blasphemy of the salesmen creates more sympathy for the Okies and anger towards those who choose to exploit them. When the Joads go to sell they’re whole lives they are only give eighteen dollars, a very low price compared to what they deserved. The appalling situations that the Okies are found in combined with the malicious manner with which those who are better off treat them causes the readers to feel compassion for the ex-tenants. The ninth chapter of the book describes a family being forced to leave, and take with them only that which they can carry. Another family comes to buy the house and begins to pick through the once precious belongings of the owners. They sell what they can of the tenant’s past and burn the rest. All the while the tenant’s are crying out â€Å"How can we live without our lives? How will we know it’s us without our past? No. Leave it. Burn it.† After watching their belongings go up in flames the Okies no longer have a desire to stay and choose to leave their old life behind and drive on. Being forced to watch their personal belongings burn without a morsel of understanding from the buyers causes the readers to feel sorrow for the Okies. The Okies encounter many people on their journey to California, some who work to improve life for everyone. The Joads however tend to come across people who are greedy and only seek to better themselves, not caring who they hurt in the process. Steinbeck writes his novel in this way to develop his main point that greed and capitalism is causing the dehumanization in America. He is creating a passion in his readers to stand up against the longing for wealth and ease and start helping others even when it may not be best for you. Steinbeck hopes to awaken humanity in America and fight against the black whole of greed. Americans must heed to his novel and apply it to today’s society as much as they would have in Steinbeck’s period.

Al-Amanah Islamic Investment Bank Of The Philippines

Al-Amanah Islamic Investment Bank Of The Philippines Republic Act No. 6848, otherwise known as The Charter of the Al-Amanah Islamic Investment Bank of the Philippines outlines that the primary purpose of the Islamic bank is to promote and accelerate the socio-economic development of the Autonomous Region by performing banking, financing and investment operations and to establish and participate in agricultural, commercial and industrial ventures based on the Islamic concept of banking. In addition to allowing the bank to act as a universal bank capable of offering both conventional and Islamic banking products and services, the Sections No. 10 11 of the charter respectively provide incentives in the form of investor protection, and grant the bank the ability to accept grants and donations (Congress of the Philippines, 1989). Dimapunong (2006) provides background information and commentary on the rules and regulations governing the Al-Amanah Islamic Bank. A founding chairman of the bank, the author also wrote about the role of former senator Mamintal A. Tamanos role in the establishment of the original Philippine Amanah Bank, the precursor of the current Al-Amanah Islamic Investment Bank of the Philippines. A rare representative from Muslim Mindanao, the late senator was supposedly the first to envision a Muslim bank in the Philippines, at a time when modern Islamic banking was at its infancy. According to the author, the original PAB was not properly Shariah-compliant leading Ulama counsels to complain about the institution misleading the public. By 1988 it had been deemed a complete failure having already gone bankrupt (Dimapunong A. A.). Sandra Isnaji (2003) conducted a SWOT (Strength-Weakness-Opportunity-Threat) analysis of the Amanah Bank and prescribes a rehabilitation plan for the institution involving infusions of capital from the government in order to get rid of the banks debt and to invest in new infrastructure. Her paper was aimed at answering three questions with regard to the beleaguered banks status: (1) Where are we now? (2) Where do we want to be? and (3) How do we get there? To that extent, Isnaji looked at the state of Islamic banking industry as a whole, the state of the Philippine financial system, and the state of the Amanah bank itself. With regard to the Amanah Banks operations, Isnaji (2003) states that (at the time of writing) it operates on a two-window system in which it offers both Islamic and conventional financial products and services. And while the institution faced no competition from other Islamic banks, it faced stiff competition from the countrys conventional financial institutions, both formal and informal. With regard to the Philippine banking sector, the author used Porters Five Forces framework to analyze the ABs competition within it. The author findings are as follows: (1) With regard to the bargaining power of suppliers: the tight control of the Bangko Sentral affords it high bargaining power, to the advantage of state-owned banks such as the Amanah Bank; the bargaining power of multilateral and bilateral aid organizations(USTDA, WB, ADB, JBIC) is high due to their involvement with micro-finance and development banks; the large size and unorganized nature of the labor sector affords it little ba rgaining power; bargaining power among depositors is highly skewed towards the higher income deciles whos deposits account for 88.3% of the savings in banks, with the lower deciles having nor bargaining power. (2) With regard to the bargaining power of buyers, the higher income deciles belonging to the middle and upper classes resided and/or did business in the National Capital Region (NCR) and demand services such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦electronic banking, payroll services, and bill payments.; The power portions of the population find it difficult to obtain financing from formal banks due to their situation, and thus do not have much bargaining power, but their sheer numbers offer a potentially large market. (3) With regard to the threat of new entrants, any new Islamic banks allowed by the BSP could actually benefit the Amanah Bank by providing much needed visibility for the beleaguered Philippine Islamic banking sector. (4) With regard to the threat of substitute, notable alternatives that customers may opt for are informal financial institutions, employers that provide loan programs, or complete abstinence from banking entirely. Another threat is the outflow of capital from the country. (5) With regard to rivalry among existing players, the tendency of banks to be large tends to lead them to avoid small borrowers and savers, as such the government has had to develop the banking system so as to include such institutions as thrift and rural banks which cater to the needs of small borrowers and savers who would otherwise resort to informal institutions. In order to counter the threat of oligopoly the government competes in the financial sector via the Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP) and the Land Bank of the Philippines (LBP). (Isnaji, 2003) As a requirement of the Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP) acquisition of the Al-Amanah Islamic Investment Bank of the Philippines (AAIIBP), the Monetary Board of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) required the DBP to submit a 5-year rehabilitation plan for the bank. The initial plan, submitted on 23 April 2008, was deemed inadequate by the BSP. As such a draft of the revised plan was submitted on 18 March 2009. The revised plan was divided into four parts: (1) a brief background elaborating on the institutions legal basis, purpose, and present situation, (2) a summary of its business plans, (3) details on the implementation of said business plans, (4) and five-year financial projections. (Panganiban, 2009) The revised rehabilitation plan of the Amanah Bank centers around 4Rs, specifically: Recapitalization via capital infusions from the DBP and domestic and foreign investors; this is aimed at covering the expenses of the banks rehabilitation Restoration of financial viability focused on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦aggressive marketing efforts to introduce AAIIBPs new products and services, liquidation of non-performing assets and the sourcing of contingent fundsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Reorganization focused on building up institutional capacity, particularly with regard to Sharia compliance; involves organizational restructuring, relocation and refurbishing of bank offices, expansion and automation. Reforms institutionalization involves strengthening of corporate culture and governance, monitoring system, risk management and audit system, and review of product and operating manuals. Particular emphasis has been given to the recapitalization strategy which would provide the funds needed for the other three points of the rehabilitation. (Development Bank of the Philippines, March 2009) Islamic Banking Chong and Liu (2006) attempted to determine how different Islamic banking is from conventional banking by examining Islamic banking practice in Malaysia using the Engle-Granger error-correction methodology. In their study they find that despite being theoretically different, in practice Islamic banking in Malaysia is not very different from conventional banking. According to their study, only a negligible portion of Islamic bank financing in Malaysia is based on the profit-and-loss (PLS) sharing paradigm and that Islamic deposits are not interest-free, but are based on non-PLS modes that are permitted under Sharia law, but ignore the spirit of the usury prohibition. This parallels Islamic banking experience in other countries. The authors conclude that Islamic banking practices cannot differ too greatly from conventional banking practice due to stiff competition that makes interest-free Islamic deposits closely pegged to conventional deposits. This conclusion can have implications fo r the brand is Islamic banking, particularly with regard to its often touted non-interest-based character. However, it also has analytical and regulatory implications; the similarity of Islamic banking practices to conventional banking practices would simplify the task of both studying and regulating Islamic banking. The findings of this study mirror an earlier paper by Movassaghi and Zamans (2002). In it, they attempt to re-examine the concept of riba in light of Islamic jurisprudence. In that paper they compare Islamic banking practices with conventional banking practices in order to highlight that neither all conventional practices are usurious, nor are modern Islamic banking practices significantly different from those of conventional banks. They also assert that many differences between the profit/loss sharing paradigm of Islamic banking and conventional interest-based merely superficial. In addition to questions of practice, Chong and Lius study also asked the question of whether or not the growth of Islamic banking over the past several years was due to the comparative advantages of the Islamic banking paradigm, or to the Islamic resurgence that began in the 1960s. Based on their findings, the authors are inclined to adopt the latter view. This view is also compatible with the findings of a study cited by Isnaji (2003), done by the Meezan Bank of Pakistan which identified several key success factors in the experience of Islamic banks in other countries: (1) strong religious consciousness among the Muslim population, (2) support from the government in the form of financial infrastructure and favorable regulations, (3) promotion, (4) [increases] in individual wealth, and (5) a wide variety of financial products and services. Public Enterprises/Public Enterprise Reform Basu (2005) gives an overview of the background and concept of public enterprise, highlighting the particular experience of India in this matter. distinguishing it from the broader term public sector by adopting the definition adopted by the International Centre of Public Enterprises (ICPE): Any commercial, financial, industrial, agricultural or promotional undertaking owned by public authority, either wholly or through majority share holding which is engaged in the sale of goods and services and whose affairs are capable of being recorded in balance sheets and profit and loss accounts. Such undertakings may have diverse legal and corporate forms, such as departmental undertakings, public corporations, statutory agencies, established by Acts of Parliament or Joint Stock Companies registered under the Company Law. The author then goes on to elaborate these three categories. Basu further elaborates on the theory of public enterprises by elaborating on four types of economic activity based on the concept of remuneration as well as that of natural monopoly. (Basu, 2005) Basu highlights the equal importance of accountability and efficiency in the management of public enterprises, stating the important role of institutional arrangements in this matter. The author then elaborates on the creation of public enterprises with regard to government policy in terms of the strategies of nationalization or introduction of a new activity and states that most post-independence cases consisted of the latter. Basu emphasizes the idea that neither the state nor the market is immune to failure and that current emphasis should be on the idea of public-private synergy, and that attention should be put on both on public-private partnership and competition to achieve the objectives of efficiency and welfare. He then highlights the link between public finance and public enterprise, stating that shortsighted approaches of several developing countries including India to reduce fiscal deficit by selling public enterprises- which follow from inadequacies of public finance man agement could be disastrous in the long run (Basu, 2005). Stiglitz (2000) identifies two major categories in which public enterprises may systematically be more inefficient than private enterprises: organizational and individual. Under the former are sub-categories regarding organizational incentives, personnel restrictions, procurement restrictions, and budget restrictions. These pertain to public enterprises organizational rules and procedures which may hamper those enterprises efficiency and performance. The nature of public firms can mean that they may not necessarily need worry about incurring losses in their operations since any such losses may be covered by public funding. The bureaucratic nature of these enterprises may also entail strict procedures with regard to the hiring and firing of employees and the appropriation of needed materials, increasing transaction costs for both the demanding firm and possible suppliers (private forms and individuals). Lastly, there is the issue of budget restrictions due to governments having to all ocate limited financial resources among various agencies and projects. (Stiglitz, 2000) The latter category pertains to the behavior of individual bureaucrats under the incentive structure of public enterprises. Low wages and security of tenure may provide disincentives for bureaucrats to perform efficiently. Bureaucrats are also argued to be budget maximizers in that they seek to maximize the size of their bureaucracies by encouraging increased expenditures on their respective agencies. Stiglitz cites Niskanen with regard to principal-agent problems in bureaucracies wherein government bureaucrats act in their own interests and not necessarily in the interests of the citizens whom they are supposed to serve. (Stiglitz, 2000) Chang (2007) presents a discussion of the issue of state enterprise reform. Chang argues that theoretically there is no clear case with for or against state-owned enterprises (SOEs) by citing arguments for (natural monopoly, capital market failure, externalities, equity) and against (principal-agent problem, free-rider problem, soft budget restrains), the author also points out that large SOEs and large private sector firms often face similar (principal-agent) problems. This mirrors Stiglitzs statement that Principal-agent problems arise in all organization, whether public or private and are particularly acute in large organizations. In both private and public cases, managers often have large amounts of discretion allowing them to pursue their own interests. (Stiglitz, 2000) In citing the issues of public enterprises in comparison to private enterprises, many often assume away the agency problems of private firms, thus comparing idealized private firms with real-life SOEs, the former of which would obviously come out on top (Chang, 2007). Chang 92007) points out that privatization is not the only solution to the problems of many SOEs, and that many intermediate third way solutions exist. The author elaborates that privatization as an option has its costs and limitations and should only be taken on certain conditions, many of which are not met in reality leading to many failed attempts at privatization that cause more problems than they solve. As such, the third way options (organizational reform, increasing competition, political and administrative reforms) ought to be considered before privatization. (Chang, 2007) Rational Choice Theory/Institutional Economics Rational/Public Choice Theory Rational Choice Theory refers to those theories of the social sciences which utilize the analytical tools of neoclassical economics, particularly, the core assumption of rational (utility-maximizing) and self-interested individuals. (Hindmoor, 2006) Hindmoor (2002) states that rational choice theorists employ an instrumental conception of rationality in which actions are judged as being rational to the extent that they constitute the best way of achieving some goal. He identifies two conceptualizations of rationality: The first (the axiomatic approach) conceives a rational person as someone whos preference-ordering over bundles of goods and services is reflexive, complete, transitive and continuous. The second (the optimizing approach) conceives the rational person as one who possesses optimal beliefs and acts in optimal ways given those beliefs and desires. (Hindmoor, 2006) Hindmoor writes that rationality is a controversial assumption in political science, particularly in light of the concept of bounded rationality. As such, he says that such an assumption must be justified and looks at the two approaches in order to determine which is more defensible. Under the umbrella heading of rational choice theory can be found the sub-theories of public choice, which, in turn, constituted transplanting the general analytical framework of economics into political science. (Tullock, 2002) Tullocks primary contribution to rational/public choice theory is his theories on rent-seeking, which he defines as the use of resources for the purpose of obtaining rents for people where the rents themselves come from some activity that has negative social value. Tullock continues: The concept of rent seeking as popularly perceived refers to legal and illegal activities to obtain special privileges such as seeking monopoly status, special zoning, quantitative restrictions on imports, protective tariffs, bribes, threats, and smuggling. (Tullock, 2002) Indeed, rent-seeking has actually come to dominate the literature of rational choice theory. Hindmoor (2006) cites the plethora of studies done on various countries, on various topics to emphasize this point. He looks to three possible explanations for this: (1) the name-recognition of the term rent-seeking itself, (2) the adaptability and extendibility of Tullocks argument which à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦can be extended to cover the analysis of any and all special economic privilegesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, and (3) the fact that it offered a hostile theory of state, which could be used to counter welfare economists arguments for government intervention. On the second reason, Hindmoor supplements Tullocks original argument by pointing out that interest groups also spend resources to prevent rivals from obtaining rents and to secure their own and that governments may also practice rent-extraction. (Hindmoor, 2006) Tullock (2002) identifies several costs involved in rent seeking: The first being the actual cost of obtaining the special privilege. Of which the author provides the example of the costs of lobbying in Washington D.C. Greater costs are incurred from the distortion of the voting process, wherein public officials who are elected to pursue certain policies or projects often also pursue other less beneficial projects of which the true cost cannot be typically counted due to those politicians not disclosing the details of deals they have made. The greatest costs, however, are the indirect costs caused by rent seeking behavior. In particular, the involvement of intelligent and energetic people in an activity that contributes either nothing or negatively to society. The opportunity cost of such activities, he argues, far exceed their direct costs. (Tullock, 2002) Tullock (2002) argues that the development of rent seeking activities is influenced by many factors, in particular the structure and design of government. In general, he argues, any rule that complicates and makes the functioning of the government government decisionmaking process less smooth will lower the amount of rent seeking. He concludes his discussion on the topic by emphasizing that there are as of yet no good measures of the costs of rent-seeking (Tullock, 2002). Hindmoor (2006) cites Von Mises in defining bureaucracy as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦any organization which specialises in the supply of those services the value of which cannot be exchanged for money at a per-unit rate. Such organizations, Von Mises suggests, find themselves effectively exempted from the demands of economic calculation and are, as a result, usually inefficient. He also cites Tullock: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the crucial feature of bureaucracies is not simply that they are hierarchies, but pyramidal hierarchies with fewer people at the top than in the lower ranks. This leads to a principal-agent relationship, with all its problems of information asymmetry (Hindmoor, 2006). In his section of Public Choice, Tullock also discusses bureaucracy. He writes that: Bureaucrats are much like other people and, like people in general, are more interested in their own well-being than in the public interest. The problem is in designing institutions in such a way as to harness bureaucrats self-interest to serve the public interest (Tullock, 2002). The core problem with bureaucracy is encapsulated by Tullock in one paragraph: In most bureaucracies the executive whether in General Motors, the Department of State, or the Exchequer is in a position where only to a minor extent is his or her own interest involved. Bureaucrats will make many decisions that will have little or no direct effect on themselves and hence can be made with the best interests of General Motors or the American or the British people at heart. Unfortunately bureaucrats, in general, have only weak motives to consider these problems carefully, but they do have strong motives to improve their status in the bureaucracy, whether by income, power, or simply the ability to take leisure while sitting in plush offices. They are more likely to be more concerned with this second set of objectives than the first, although they may not put very much effort into it because not much effort is required (Tullock, 2002). Tullock then further draws parallels between public and private bureaucrats. He argues that both will attempt to maximize gains for their respective employers if it pays off for them. But in neither case does the institutional structure lead bureaucrats to maximizing the well-being of their superiors. He qualifies, though, that private corporations have a much easier time in pursing their goals efficiently than do governments. He cites three reasons for this: the comparatively simple objective of stockbrokers (profit maximization), the reasonably accurate methods of measuring the performance of corporate managers (bureaucrats) in the form of accounting, and the difference in the ownership of benefits from the efficient management of bureaucracies (private profit vs. public interest) (Tullock, 2002). Lastly, Tullock elaborates upon several proposals with regard to bureaucratic reform: decentralization, depriving bureaucrats of the vote, and downsizing the size of bureaucracy. He discusses how it is often in the interest of bureaucrats to increase the size of their departments , although in some cases downsizing does occur without the objection of senior bureaucrats due to such measures not affecting them aversely or even benefiting them by, for example, leading to more highly paid positions at the top while cutting down from below. Most intriguing is his characterization of bureaucratic behaviour as resembling that of people with hobbies, albeit with two major differences: it does not cost bureaucrats very much since they are predominantly using other peoples resources and that most bureaucrats honestly think that whatever it is they do is not for their benefit alone, but for the country or their bureau. (Tullock, 2002) This mirrors Niskanens theory on bureaucracy, wherein he asserts that bureaucrats find it in their interest to maximize their budgets and that they are often successful in doing so. Niskanen, himself defines bureaucracies as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦non-profit-making organization whose revenues derive from periodic grants (Hindmoor, 2006). Niskanen also à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦follows Downs in assuming that bureaucrats value a range of goods including power, monetary income, prestige and security. Yet he cuts through the complexities o Downs argument by suggesting that nearly all of these variables are positively related to the size of the bureaucrats budget (Hindmoor, 2006). Tullock (2002) elaborates goes on to the relationship between bureaucrats and two other major groups of political actors: politicians and pressure groups. Tullock focuses on the ability of bureaucrats to often lord over their superiors thanks to their security of tenure. Two bureaucratic tactics are discussed: the use of leaks to undermine or embarrass superiors, and the use of essential programs as proverbial shields in the fact of budget cuts. With regard to pressure groups, the collusion is the cited issue, wherein bureaus and interest groups work together to gain mutual benefits from government. (Tullock, 2002) With regard to this relationship Niskanen argues that the bureaucrats have two advantages over politicians which allow them to increase their budgets: (1) greater information on the costs involved in their bureaucracies provision of goods, and (2) the ability to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦make take-it-or-leave-it offers to their political patrons (Hindmoor, 2006). Politicians on the o ther hand are attributed four capacities: (1) the ability to select the bureaucracys overall output, (2) the ability to ensure that bureaucrats fulfill their promises in return for an agreed budget, (3) the ability to ensure that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the total benefits individuals derive from consuming whatever output it is that the bureaucracy provides are equal to or greater than the total costs of providing it (Hindmoor, 2006) and (4) the ability to ensure that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the marginal benefits of any output are not negative (Hindmoor, 2006). As Hindmoor points out, however, Niskanen has accepted the argument of Jean-Luc Migue and Gerard Belanger (1974) that bureaucrats do not so much maximize the size of their budget, but rather that of their discretionary budget, defined as the difference between their budget and the minimum costs of supplying their expected output. They argue that though this discretionary budget cannot be used by the bureaucrat for personal profit, it can be used to gain greater power, patronage, prestige, and so on (Hindmoor, 2006). Regardless of this distinction, however, the conclusion is still that the bureaucracies are inefficient because their budgets are too large. (Hindmoor, 2006) Hindmoor further critiques Niskanens argument by citing several works by multiple authors who point out that (1) politicians actually hold great power over bureaucrats, so much so that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦bureaucrats can be deterred from making excessive demandsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (2) politicians can trick bureaucrats into revealing information on minimal costs by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦asking them how much output they would be willing to provide at various per unit prices. (3) constituents and interest-groups may raise alarms about with regard to ineffective bureaucracies, (4) administrative rules and standard operating procedures keep bureaucracies in line, and (5) that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Congressional Committees have the formal power to hire and fire senior bureaucrats, ring-fence particular investments and hold investigations and public-hearings into an agencys performance (Hindmoor, 2006). In his discussion, Tullock concludes by emphasizing that bureaucrats are not necessarily bad people, but that the institutional arrangement often frees them of the constraint of efficiently carrying out the tasks to which they have been assigned. The author then iterates that both large governments and large private corporations necessitate bureaucracies, and that such bureaucracies can be both conducive and/or obstructive to good government. (Tullock, 2002) Now, while rational choice theory certainly dominates discussion of government inefficiency Field (1979) argues that while it provides an easy framework for analysis, it is incapable of providing explanations. He argues that since rational choice models are as incapable of providing sufficiently restrictive predictions, which provide accounts which tell why a certain outcome was reached instead of another. He points to the inability of neoclassical economic analysis in explaining oligopolies, citing that Economists can analyze an existing cartel by pointing to the benefits which participating companies receive as the result of restricting output and raising prices. But economist can equally well analyze the absence of a cartel by pointing to the benefits individual members would obtain by violating such an agreement. (Field, 1979) Field goes on to critique the idea of explaining social outcomes based on the conception that they spring from economic forces. He mentions that while rational choice models have the comparative advantage when it comes to understanding outcomes which are caused by economic forces, they do not take into consideration the ways in which social forces affect the operation of markets. (Field, 1979) Field thus argues that the inherent limitations of rational choice/economic models in explaining systems of rules mean that they are no replacement for institutional economists qualitative approach, which holds historical understanding of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦laws and customs organizing the process under investigationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ as essential. However, he does make the consideration that while rational choice models cannot satisfactorily explain institutions by themselves, they can help. (Field, 1979) Institutional Economics R.A. Gordon (1963) attempts to outline the characteristics of institutional economics in the form of several propositions: (1) Economic behavior is strongly conditioned by the institutional environment (in all its manifestation) within which economic activity takes place, and economic behavior in turn affects the institutional environment. (2) This process of mutual interaction is an evolutionary one. The environment changes, and as it does, so do the determinants of economic behavior. Hence the need for an evolutionary approach to economics. (3) In this evolutionary process of interaction, a key role is played by the (largely conflicting) conditions imposed by modern technology and by the pecuniary institutions of modern capitalism. (4) Economics is more concerned with conflict than with a harmonious order in which unconscious [cooperation] results from the free play of market forces. (5) Since conflict underlies so many economic relationships, and since these relationships are not immutable, there is room and need for social control of economic activity. (6) We need to learn all that we can from psychology, sociology, anthropology, and law if we are to understand why human beings act as they do in their economic roles. People are not maximizing automata reacting mechanically in an institutional vacuum. (7) Granted the preceding assumptions, much of orthodox economic theory is either wrong or irrelevant because it makes demonstrably false assumptions and does not ask the really important questions. A new, broader, evolutionary theory based on behavioral assumptions derived from the other social sciences and on detailed knowledge of the evolution and present characteristics of the institutional environment needs to be constructed. A wide variety of empirical studies must precede the attempt to construct such a broader, evolutionary, and more realistic corpus of theory (Gordon, 1963). Thorstein Veblen is commonlyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦regarded as the founding father or guiding spirit of American institutionalism. (Ayres, 1964) In Institutional Economics, Ayres argues that the central idea of Veblens works was a call for a completely different ontology of economics with a completely different conception of what constituted the economy. Whereas the conception of mainstream economics has been that the economic system is centered on the concept of the market and tied together by individuals self-interest. Instead, Ayres asserts that Veblen took on an anthropological conception of the economy. One where in it is the state of industrial arts that gives occasion to exchange, so the extent of the market must always be limited by the state of the industrial arts. This was the direct opposite of the thinking of mainstream economics at that point: that the various aspects of civilizations development could be attributed to market forces. (Ayres, 1964) Ayres puts Veb

Woodstock 1969 :: essays research papers fc

Many large concerts have occurred in the United States, but none have been as symbolic as the three-day music and art fest that touted the slogans of peace and love. This event was identified as such as a result of the peace movement and the emergence of the flower children. Woodstock Music Festival took place near Woodstock New York on August 15, 16, and 17, 1969, and became a symbol of the 1960s American counterculture. Woodstock began with the following four partners: Michael Lang, the manager of a rock band, Artie Kronfeld, an executive at Capitol Records, and two capitalists, John Roberts and Joel Rosenman who supplied most of the money and the original idea. Their original plan was to build a recording studio in Woodstock, a small town in the Catskill Mountains that had become a rock music Mecca when musician Bob Dylan and his rock group called the Band settled there. To get the word out, the four partners decided to hold a concert, which they called the Woodstock Music and Art Fair. The group originally tried to have the festival in the town of Woodstock, but the citizens would not permit it. Then after much debate Michael Lang decided to move the concert to Wallkill, New York, where the people also protested, so finally he decided to move it about 70 miles away from the town of Woodstock to Max Yasgur’s dairy farm. Looking back on the sighting of the Bethel farm Lang remarked "It was magic, it was perfect. The sloping bowl, a little rise for the stage, and the lake in the background.† Woodstock had more acts scheduled to play then any other single event ever held before. They were trying to sign the biggest rock ‘n’ roll bands in America. The problem was getting the bands. Bands didn’t want to take contracts from an unproven venture, because they had no credibility. â€Å"To get the contracts, we have to have the credibility, and to get the credibility, we have to get the contracts,† Rosenman said. Woodstock Ventures solved that problem by paying enormous sums unheard of in 1969. The breakthrough came when they signed the Jefferson Airplane, the biggest psychedelic band back then. They signed for $12,000. An incredible sum of money considering the Jefferson Airplane usually took gigs for five or six thousand dollars. Credence Clearwater Revival signed for $11,500, and the Who signed for $12,500.

Housing Meaning Essays -- Literary Analysis, Howards End, Forrester

In Howards End by E.M. Forester, the house Howards End has central meaning to the story as each character has a different meaning for the property. To understand this meaning better using the other homes in the story to describe how each house is different from Howards End. Using such places as Wickham Place compared to Howards End in feeling from what the characters think of them. Then understanding how different the Flats are to Howards End though both are homes. Also why places such as Ducie Street and Oniton Grange are still different from Howards End though all three are of the same social standing of each other. Then how places such as Leonard’s Place are on the opposite side of the poll to that of Howards End but still have meaning to it. Then explain how Forster can express Howards End so well that it seems he himself has lived there. At the end of evaluating the other homes and Howards End the evidence will show that Howards End being in the middle of it all is import ant to the development of the story. With comparing the character’s feelings to that of Wickham Place to Howards End aspects such as emotional attachment, events that occurred there and the class each place carries with it. With emotion in play Wickham Place hold a dear meaning to those of the Schlegal family for many reasons. As stated in the beginnings of the book the Schlegal’s see Wickham Place as the Wilcox see Howards End as and ancestral home. Although as Margaret thought about the Wilcox’s in that, â€Å"The Wilcoxes continued to play a considerable part in her †¦ when it takes all sorts to make a world?†(Forester 12). This to Margaret is what the Wilcoxes stand for – the "grit" and practicality of the real world. While the Schlegels live in their equall... ...t from Howards End by using their importance to branch from Howards End. Using such places as Wickham Place to Howards End in feeling from what the characters think of each other. Then understanding how different the Flats are to Howards End though both are homes the Wilcoxes live in. Also why places such as Ducie Street and Oniton Grange are still different from Howards End though all three are of the same social standing of each other. Then how places such as Leonard’s Place are on the opposite side of the poll to that of Howards End but still have meaning to it. Then explaining how Forster can express Howards End so well that it seems he himself has lived there. At the end of evaluating the other homes and Howards End the along side the Forster explanation it is clear that Howards End is the core to which all the other homes branch from and make the story flow.

Essay on Whartons Ethan Frome: Tale of the Living Dead :: Ethan Frome Essays

Tale of the Living Dead Ethan Frome, by Edith Warton is truly a tale of the â€Å"living dead†.   Don’t be confused by the way this term is used in movies, where the living dead are corpses that rise from the ground. In this case, the term â€Å"living dead† refers to a person who is physically alive but emotionally dead. In the novel, Ethan Frome all three main characters are emtionally dead.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The characters have been emotionally dead since the "smash-up" in which Ethan and Mattie had crashed their sled into a tree. This crash left them both injured severely. The Fromes were poor before, but after, with Ethan only able to do a little work, they were poorer than ever. Never a social man, Ethan cut off the few relationships that he had maintained so his old friends would not see his poverty. The townspeople speak of Ethan, Mattie, and Zeena in the past tense, just like they refer to dead people. When Mrs. Ned Hale talks about Ethan and Mattie she said, "Yes, I knew them both ... it was awful.." Ethan even talks about himself in the past tense. When asked if science interested him he replied, "It used to." Nothing is happening to Ethan in his present life so he could only refer back to his past one. When Mrs. Hale was asked if she went out to Ethan's house often, she replied, "I used to go a good dea l after the accident, when I was first married; but ..." This visitation is just like that to a graveyard. Right after a person dies his grave is visited often. After awhile relatives and friends get on with their own lives and make these trips rarely.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another reason why the three main characters are emotionally dead is they do not communicate with other people. Mrs. Ned Hale, when remarking on the fact that the narrator had stayed in Ethan's house said, "I don't believe but what you're the only stranger has set foot in that house for over twenty years." All living people communicate with others regularly. Not only did the main characters act like living dead, they looked liked living dead. Edith Wharton describes Zeena: "A slatternly calico wrapper hung from her shoulders and the wisps of her thin grey hair were drawn away from a high forehead and fastened in the back by a broken comb. Essay on Wharton's Ethan Frome: Tale of the Living Dead :: Ethan Frome Essays Tale of the Living Dead Ethan Frome, by Edith Warton is truly a tale of the â€Å"living dead†.   Don’t be confused by the way this term is used in movies, where the living dead are corpses that rise from the ground. In this case, the term â€Å"living dead† refers to a person who is physically alive but emotionally dead. In the novel, Ethan Frome all three main characters are emtionally dead.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The characters have been emotionally dead since the "smash-up" in which Ethan and Mattie had crashed their sled into a tree. This crash left them both injured severely. The Fromes were poor before, but after, with Ethan only able to do a little work, they were poorer than ever. Never a social man, Ethan cut off the few relationships that he had maintained so his old friends would not see his poverty. The townspeople speak of Ethan, Mattie, and Zeena in the past tense, just like they refer to dead people. When Mrs. Ned Hale talks about Ethan and Mattie she said, "Yes, I knew them both ... it was awful.." Ethan even talks about himself in the past tense. When asked if science interested him he replied, "It used to." Nothing is happening to Ethan in his present life so he could only refer back to his past one. When Mrs. Hale was asked if she went out to Ethan's house often, she replied, "I used to go a good dea l after the accident, when I was first married; but ..." This visitation is just like that to a graveyard. Right after a person dies his grave is visited often. After awhile relatives and friends get on with their own lives and make these trips rarely.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another reason why the three main characters are emotionally dead is they do not communicate with other people. Mrs. Ned Hale, when remarking on the fact that the narrator had stayed in Ethan's house said, "I don't believe but what you're the only stranger has set foot in that house for over twenty years." All living people communicate with others regularly. Not only did the main characters act like living dead, they looked liked living dead. Edith Wharton describes Zeena: "A slatternly calico wrapper hung from her shoulders and the wisps of her thin grey hair were drawn away from a high forehead and fastened in the back by a broken comb.

Factors Influencing The Occurrence Of Malnutrition Health And Social Care Essay

The childhood period is the most of import phase for the overall development during the lifetime. Brain and biological development takes topographic point at this phase Muller and Jahn, 2009. These developments are influenced by sufficient of stimulation and nutrition, and these development effects of build, the immune system, knowledge, every bit good as societal and emotional growing ( Handal et al. 2007 ) . Such development supports to guarantee that each kid achieves his or her prospective and is a constructive member of society ( Uthman, 2009 ) . When kids waste their early old ages with a decreased sum of motivation, or a less emotionally and physically encouraging status of encephalon advancement is affected and indicants to cognitive, societal and behavioural defers. Many factors can disrupt early kid development such as malnutrition ( WHO, 2009 ) . The nutritionary position of kids is a important presentation of wellness and development ; it is non merely a representation of past wellness but an of import index of future wellness ( Subramanyam et al. 2010 ) . Malnutrition is one of the of import wellness jobs throughout the universe, peculiarly in developing states ( Sarifzadeh et al. 2010 ; Hioui et Al. 2010 ) . Malnutrition is an of import public wellness job because it indicant to improved hazard of decease from infective diseases, more acute infections and a high cause of mortality, and making extra psychosocial loads ( Jesmin et al. 2011 ) . Malnutrition is a status doing scrawny growing, scraggy, and blowing ( Faber et al. 2010 ; Subramanyam et Al. 2010 ; Uthman, 2009 ; Kandala et Al. 2011 ; Janevic et al.2010 ) , inadequacy of protein, energy and other foods and instability between the foods the organic structure needs and the foods it receives ( Muller and Jahn, 2009 ) . Malnutrition can be detected by anthropometric measurings were height/length with age ( HAZ ) , weight with age ( WAZ ) and weight with height/length ( WHZ ) is measured against a set of WHO child and growing criterions and NCHS/WHO mention ( Hioui et al. 2010 ; Lesiapeto et Al. 2010 ) . Malnutrition degrees are still high in developing states around the universe ( Sunil, 2009 ) , an estimated cachexia 9.8 % , scraggy 17.9 % and stunting 29.2 % ( WHO, 2009 ) , included Indonesia. Harmonizing to the MoH Indonesia informed frequence of malnutrition in kids under five old ages of age during the twelvemonth 2010 in Indonesia 17.90 % are scraggy, 35.60 % stunted, 13.30 % showed cachexia, and in West Nusa Tenggara Province 48.30 % are stunting, 30.50 % are scraggy and 14.90 % are blowing. Many factors can be associated with the happening of malnutrition in kids. For illustration, inadequate wellness services and an unhealthy environment ( Schoeman et al. 2010 ; Hioui et Al. 2010 ) , socio-cultural environments ( Mashal et al.2008 ; Noughani & A ; Bagheri, 2010 ) , socioeconomic, maternal, and child factors ( Lesiapeto et al.2010 ; Hasselman et al.2006 ) , and socio-demographic factors ( Phengxay et al. 2007 ; Handal et al. 2007 ) . An apprehension of the most of import causes of malnutrition is imperative to be identified and an analysis would so bespeak more specii ¬?cally the type of policies, wellness plans and where resources should be focused to right the derivation causes of unfairness in childhood malnutrition ( Lesiapeto et al. 2010 ; Uthman, 2009 ) .AimGeneral ObjectiveThe chief aim in this research is to happen out the major factors act uponing the happening of malnutrition ( stunting, scraggy, and blowing ) in kids under five old ages of age.Specific ObjectiveTo depict prevalence of kid ‘s factors that can act upon of malnutrition in kids under five twelvemonth of age To depict prevalence of female parent ‘s factors that can act upon of malnutrition in kids under five twelvemonth of age To depict prevalence of family factor that can act upon of malnutrition in kids under five twelvemonth of age To cognize the dominant factor can act upon of malnutrition in kids under five twelvemonth of ageLITERATURE REVIEWDefinitionMalnutrition is a status manifested by stunting, being scraggy, and blowing if his/her height/length with age ( HAZ ) , weight with age ( WAZ ) and weight with height/length ( WHZ ) z-score was more than two standard divergences ( SDs ) below the mention median ( Lesiapeto et al. 2010 ; Subramanyam et Al. 2010 ; Uthman, 2009 ; Kandala et Al. 2011 ; Janevic et Al. 2010 ) , inadequacy of protein, energy and other foods and instability between the foods the organic structure needs and the foods it receives ( Muller, 2009 ) . Stunting is characterized by shortness-for-age or step of additive growing deceleration, an index of chronic malnutrition and calculated by comparing the height/length with age of a kid with a mention population of good nutrition and healthy kids ( Muller and Jahn, 2009 ; Sunil, 2009 ) . Wasting is a contemplation of a recent and acute procedure that has conducted to significant weight loss, normally associated with famishment and/or disease ; calculated by comparing weight with height/length of a kid with a mention population of good nutrition and healthy kids ; reveals the acute degree of malnutrition or the current nutritionary position of kids and frequently used to see the badness of the exigencies because it is intensely related to mortality ( Muller and Jahn, 2009 ; Sunil, 2009 ) . Underweight is measured by comparing the weight with age of a kid with a mention population of good nutrition, composite step that indicates both acute and chronic malnutrition in kids ( Muller and Jahn, 2009 ; Sunil, 2009 ) . Tabel 1: Feature of malnutritionNutritionStatus categorizationZ-scoreWeight with age for blowing Normal a†°Ã‚ ¤ – 1SD Rebuff -1SD & lt ; Z a†°Ã‚ ¤ -2SD Medium -2SD & lt ; Z a†°Ã‚ ¤ -3SD Acute accent -3SD & lt ; Height with age for scraggy Normal a†°Ã‚ ¤ – 1SD Rebuff -1SD & lt ; Z a†°Ã‚ ¤ -2SD Medium -2SD & lt ; Z a†°Ã‚ ¤ -3SD Acute accent -3SD & lt ; Weight with tallness for stunting Normal a†°Ã‚ ¤ – 1SD Rebuff -1SD & lt ; Z a†°Ã‚ ¤ -2SD Medium -2SD & lt ; Z a†°Ã‚ ¤ -3SD Acute accent -3SD & lt ; Beginning: WHO ( 2009 )Factors act uponing the happening of malnutritionChild factorsThe kid factors are act uponing the happening of malnutrition are, age of the kid, sex of kid, and suckling times ( Uthman, 2009 ) . Adequate nutrition during childhood is important for kid being, optimum growing and development during life span. The World Health Organization ( WHO ) recommended of sole breastfeeding times ( EBF ) for the first six months after born ( WHO, 2007 ) . The benefit of EBF for growing, buildup the unsusceptibility and bar of unwellness in immature babies is unquestionable ( Ulek et al. 2012 ) . If foods are in short supply or imbalanced, or if the kid is exposed to environmental stressors that interfere with alimentary consumption or use, growing is impaired. The shortages incurred consequence in irreversible harm, with related effects including shorter grownup tallness, lower educational accomplishment, reduced grownup returns and decreased of posterities birth weight ( S guassero, 2012 ) . Figure 1: Child growing criterion weight with age in male child ‘s birth to 5 old ages Beginning: WHO ( 2009 ) Figure 2: Child growing criterion length/height with age in male child ‘s birth to 5 old ages Beginning: WHO ( 2009 ) Figure 3: Child growing criterion weight with age in miss ‘s birth to 5 old ages Beginning: WHO ( 2009 ) Figure 4: Child growing criterion length/height with age in miss ‘s birth to 5 old ages Beginning: WHO ( 2009 ) Tabel 2: Age of kidsNoAge groups ( months )1 0aˆ‘5 2 6aˆ‘11 3 12aˆ‘23 4 24aˆ‘35 5 36aˆ‘47 6 48aˆ‘60 Beginning: WHO ( 2009 ) Tabel 3: Children ‘s Sexual activityNoChildren sex1 Male 2 Female Beginning: WHO ( 2009 ) Tabel 4: Breastfeeding timesNoBreastfeeding times ( months )1 0 – 2 2 3 – 4 3 5 – 6 Beginning: WHO ( 2009 )Mother factorsThe female parent factors act uponing the happening of malnutrition are female parent ‘s age, female parent ‘s business, and female parent ‘s instruction ( Uthman, 2009 ) . Mother ‘s instruction can bring forth different type of family consequence and thereby cut downing the hazard of nutritionary lack like malnutrition. The consequence which will convey through female parent ‘s instruction to improved wellness and nutrition cognition, psychological alterations and improved nutritionary behaviour, alteration of power dealingss within the family in encourage of better nutrition which includes breastfeeding, ablactating pattern, and child eating may take to more effectual dietetic behaviour on the portion of female parent ‘s who manage nutrient resources. Tabel 5: Mother ‘s ageNoMother ‘s age ( twelvemonth )1 15 – 19 2 20 – 24 3 25 – 29 4 30 – 34 5 40 – 44 6 45 – 49 Beginning: MoH Indonesia ( 2010 ) Tabel 6: Mother ‘s businessNoMother ‘s business1 Housewife 2 Farmer 3 Seller 4 Civil authorities Beginning: MoH Indonesia ( 2010 ) Tabel 7: Mother ‘s instructionNoMother ‘s instruction1 None 2 Primary school 3 Junior high school 4 Senior high school 5 Higher Beginning: MoH Indonesia ( 2010 )Family factorsThe family factors act uponing the happening of malnutrition are individual parent, two parent families, and extended household. The family performances as a context for the kid every bit good as facilitator that offer the support associated with promoting child wellness results ( Noughani, 2010 ) . Single parent is household with the caput of household has ne'er been married, widowed, divorced, abandoned, or separated who take attention of the kids or household. Two parents household or atomic household are the household consist of male parent, female parent, and kids populating in one house. Extended household is one of household type which the household portions household understandings and expenditures with parents, siblings, or other close relations ( Friedman, 2003 ) . Tabel 8: Family: ParentingNoType of rearing1 Single parent 2 Two parents 3 Extended household Beginning: MoH Indonesia ( 2010 )MATERIALS AND METHODSConceptual ModelChild ‘s factors:AgeSexual activityBreastfeedingMother ‘s Factors:AgeEducationOccupationHousehold Factor:RearingChild malnutrition:StuntingWastingUnderweightFigure 5. Thesis program conceptual model adopted from UNICEF ( 1997 )Research hypothesisIs there any relationship between kid factors, female parent factors, and family factor with happening of malnutrition in kids under five old ages of age.Research inquiryWhat is the most dominant factor act uponing the happening of malnutrition in kids under five old ages of age?Operational definitionMalnutrition in kids is the kid under five old ages of age who has diagnosed malnutrition by Department of Health in West Nusa Tenggara Province. Child factors are the factor in a kids related to age, sex and chest eating times of the kids. Mother factors are the factors related to age, instruction, and business of the female parents in the household. Household factor are the factors related to rearing ( individual parent, two parents, and extended household ) theoretical account in the household.MethodologyResearch designResearch design in this survey is descriptive statistic cross-sectional survey. A cross-sectional survey is one of the most common and celebrated of survey designs. In this type of research survey, furthermore the full population or a subset is selected, and from these persons, informations are collected to back up reply the research inquiries. The information that is collected describes what is traveling on at merely one point in clip ( Ollsen and George, 2004 ) .Population and samplePopulation in this research is households who have kids under five old ages of age in West Nusa Tenggara Province of Indonesia. The focal point samples are households who have kids under five old ages of age in West Nusa Tenggara Province of Indonesia. Sampling technique in this research is utilizing a purposive sample. The sample c hoice is based on the features.Inclusion StandardsChildren under five old ages old who live with their household Children under five old ages old who non in infirmary Family who willing to take portion in the survey Family in West Nusa Tenggara Province of Indonesia One kid in one householdSample SizeThe sample size was calculated utilizing G*Power version 3.1.5 with I ± ( error prob ) = 0.05 and power ( 1-I? mistake prob ) = 0.80, and estimated the entire minimal sample size are 113 kids.PutingThis research will be take topographic point in households at West Nusa Tenggara Province of Indonesia.MeasurementThe anthropometric information of the kids were assessed utilizing the WHO Anthro package version 3.2.2. , to mensurate the informations about kid ‘s factors, female parent ‘s factors, and family factor will be utilizing inquirers. Because of this instrument used English linguistic communication, the research worker will interpret and so formalize by transcribers who were expert in both the English and Indonesia languages to guarantee equivalence the instrument in Indonesia linguistic communication.Ethical ConsiderationEthical blessing should be granted by Kasetsart University foremost. Then, a permission to make the research at the provincial and territory wellness offices, community wellness centres and voluntary are required. Participant information sheet ( PIS ) , namelessness, confidentiality, and informed consent will be used to protect sample and the research worker.Plan for informations aggregationThe information about households who have kids under five old ages of age collected from section of wellness in West Nusa Tenggara Province of Indonesia. The anthropometric information of the kids were assessed utilizing the WHO Anthro package version 3.2.2, and expressed as Z-scores for each of the anthropometric indices of malnutrition against both the new WHO child growing criterions and the older NCHS/WHO mention. A kid was defined as stunted, scraggy or wasted if his/her height/length with age ( HAZ ) , weight with age ( WAZ ) or weight with height/length ( WHZ ) Z-score was more than two standard divergences ( SDs ) below the mention median. Direct interview with a set of questionnaires will be used to roll up informations from the households related with kid ‘s factors, female parent ‘s factors, and family factor.Plan for informations analysisThe information obtained through family interviews and anthropometric measurings were field-checked, entered into a personal computer and so analyses utilizing Eview 4.0. Eview provide sophisticated information analysis, arrested development, and prediction tools on a Windows base computing machine. The WHO and National Center for Health Statistics ( NCHS ) criterion was employed as a mention population to find Z-scores for height/length with age, weight with age and weight with height/length. The prevalence of acrobatics, scraggy and blowing among kids under five old ages of age the XA? trial. Both bivariate and multivariate analyses were undertaken to place the significantly associated background variables ( independent variables ) with malnutrition ( dependent variable ) . While the dependent variable is dichotomous, the independent variables are composed of categorical, ordinal, and interval/ratio variables. The associations between independent variables, which are categorical or ordinal variables, and malnutrition were examined utilizing the XA? trial. As the dependant variable is dichotomous, logistic arrested development was undertaken as the multivariate analysis. The background variables without a important association with the dependant variable in bivariate analyses were dropped from independent variables for logistic arrested development.A survey budgetTable 9: Survey budgetNo Items Amount/ figure Estimation Price ( in Rupiah ) 1 Paper A4 70 GSM 5 ream @ 50.000 = 250.000 2 Transcript of inquirer 5 @ 100 @ 100 = 50.000 3 Printer ink 4 colourss @ 40,000 = 160.000 4 Transportation fee 2.500.000 5 Small gift for participant 100 @ 10.000 = 1.000.000 Entire 3.960.000 rupiahTimetableTable 10: Time tabular arrayActivity 2012 2013 August September October November December January February March April jun July August September Start composing proposal Defense proposal Ask for ethical issues Roll uping informations Analyzing informations Write chapter 4 and 5 Thesis defence Prepare for publication

Becoming Ecology: Changing Perspectives of the Human Habitat

Becoming Ecology Populating in context of all living things in clip and infinite, and the paradox of seeing habitat all around but entree is denied through the human concept of private belongings ) Changing Positions We now operate an amodern fundamental law, where we must contextualize ‘humans’ or ‘culture, ’ ‘nature or ‘place’ or so any of the other ‘noun chunks’ used to train and order world through the modernist fundamental law, as it all appears to be merely happenstances unifying and emerging ( Anderson, ) . We must accommodate the concepts that modern society has generated, with the world. Many writers have attempted to depict their image of nature. Buijs ( 2009 ) described five images of nature ; wilderness, autonomic, inclusive, aesthetic and functional. The ‘inclusive’ image refers to a nature that expresses peaceable coexistence with adult male and nature is regarded as beautiful. When humanity invents ( speaks ) itself extemporarily outside ‘nature’s text, ’ it has non, on a cardinal degree, at large nature, for it is and ever will be a merchandise of nature ( Conesa-Sevilla, 2010 ) . This alienation from ecology has arisen from a long history of our being ostracised from the land, Jay Griffiths ( 2008 ) refers to John Bellers’ ( 1654-1725 ) remarks: ‘forests and great parks make the hapless that are upon them excessively much like Indians.’ Indeed Griffiths describes commonland as one time being ‘a hinderance to industry.’ Worlds have become estranged from their ain being through the concepts most prevailing in the modern societies and it is now that positions of our ineluctable integrating into ecology are granted acknowledgment. Writers have tried to depict this dynamic holistic theory, making a new individuality for us all. The more-than-human universe ( Abram, 1997 ) or the more than human kingdom ( Instone L 2014 ) and Gaia are portion of the new languaging undertaking necessary to double up this universe of relationships into duologue. The duologue is grounded in ecology and Earth scientific disciplines, doctrine and evolutionary history. It alludes to something that is so inclusive, so emergent, so living, that it is besides infused in thaumaturgy and mythology. Relationship between people and environment is present in the most traditional of civilizations. Smohala and Black Elk represent a charming vision of nature, in the truest sense of the word magical. The strong belief that the universe is there to be communicated with, that it can be prayed to, that there can be a transactory relationship between people and their environment ( Roszak talk, 1971 referred to in Coope, 2010 ) . Deep ecology, social-ecology, ecopychology and many other watercourses of idea explore ‘Nature connection’ and besides ‘ecological literacy.’ Most research workers are construing ‘context and relationships’ in some manner so that we may do sense of or go cognizant of the universe. Our literacy of it, our languaging, our duologue is continuously going. ‘The trouble of utilizing the nomenclature is that no ecopsychologist has put forth a believable ( ie, widely accepted and testable ) operational definition of what ‘connecting with nature’ is’ ( Conesa-Sevilla, 2010 ) . Conesa-Sevilla quoted Kull ( 1998 ) : Like most people the ecospychologist enters the wonts oflanguaging, copying others without due analysis and contemplation on what these words could intend. The duologue of connection and holistic integrating will go on to germinate but the significances will derive true acknowledgment as position and linguistic communication becomesintegrated action, when worlds as the more-than-human universe Begin to make things for common advantage, for the involvement of the meta-organism. Working as one, bing as one. The human is already recognized as meta-organism, of which many microbic species are working in mutualism, multiple species working in long-run mutualistic relationships. Cell development is inherently derived from symbiotic relationships ( see Margulis, Capra ) . Much of the ecology on Earth is symbiotic ( besides see Harding ) . In the walking group methodological analysis in this research worlds are working as a meta-organism, construing the host landscapes. We eat together, research our milieus, we use multiple senses as a centripetal array to construe the universe, parts doing a whole. As mycelium works with the host environment and other beings, so is the walking group working in mutualism with the social-ecological landscape. There is an exchange of resources and information. When organisms work in mutualism or as meta-organism, we are inventing ways of co-habiting, of bring forthing healthy home ground. Exciting new ways of co-creating home ground, pass oning and working in mutualism among living things in the more than human kingdom, require thoughts to go action. When humans become agents in common relationships with each other and other species in home ground we are going ecosystem by individuality. Action takes on new relevancy, betterments to habitat go the function of the human-ecology mutualism. Furthermore when we are engaged in common action, co-habitation, we are needfully larning every bit good. As the ecosystem in action, we have to larn from what we have around us, continuously interacting with each other and construing the kineticss. It is evident that some topographic points as home ground are non peculiarly healthy. It is besides known that there exists proficient ability and familial diverseness from which ecosystems can be brought up to wellness. Nijhuiss et Al. ( 2011 ) described how the gait of land-use development has exceeded human evolutionary version, peculiarly with mention to agribusiness. They province that this is what fuels our temperament towards nature. However, possibly we are accommodating if we consider the finer landscapes in the Westcountry. It is seldom wild naturalness that we see in this part, connection in this human influenced bio-region is to see a social-ecological system. It is besides more than Appleton’s prospect-refuge theory ( 1996 ) where a relationship to the perceived environment is comparable to an animate being to its home ground, informed by our opportunities of endurance. We like to see without being seen, we prefer landscapes that let us to conceal every bit good as to study the environment. Harmonizing to Appleton, likely those who argue that we have an unconditioned penchant towards nature conflate nature with flora. It is the flora, non the naturalness, which triggers congenital mental temperaments to like those landscapes. There is something more affectional and more holistic than a temperament towards flora at work here. It is more. The animate being and home ground are one in the same. It is experience, ‘deep ecology emerges out of deep experience of nature’ ( Kumar, 2013 ) , and it is relationship: ‘The counterpoison to capitalist rationalisation is a new relationality, an empathic, animal and rational manner of associating that is profoundly concerted, enjoyable and meaningful’ ( Heller, 1999 ) this involves the more than human universe ( Heckert, 2010 ) . There is ‘no ego without topographic point and no topographic point without self’ therefore it necessitates that we engage with landscape, our immediate life home ground, more readily, for mutualism, forourwellness. Griffiths wrote that ‘enclosure crushed the liquors of the common people. For centuries communal carnivals were held on the parks. They were wild in character: bawdry, exuberant, unfettered, they were a common natural state of the human spirit, which demented by claustrophobia, hates to be cooped up, enclosed, indoors’ ( Griffiths, 2008 ) . In this part we have a human altered landscape where portion or about all the home ground is in private owned. For us here we need to be symbiotic with other worlds to make the home ground that we have a temperament towards life in, viz. one that sustains us really efficaciously and where we are free to interact. We can non run into a temperament toward flora and diverseness, relationship and experience without going symbiotic, by larning to be in common relationship with the landscape. To handle the full country as home ground, as the ego, we have to entree as much of it as possible and cognize it good, acquaintance in order to do the home ground map for all. This does intend that we have to go Wilder more intuitive, as home ground and animate being, more active. Taking action with habitat rather literally means non waiting for top-down determination devising to better your universe for you. You work it out for yourself with your meta-organisms. If something is non right with home ground ; repair it or better it with other worlds, workss and animate beings. The option is to envelop the ego psychologically and physically in boundary lines, boundaries or boxes- leting yourself claustrophobia and small influence on how your home ground is making, which is barely relationship at all. That is non ecosystem in action. Human ecological-effort ; inventiveness and interaction, is the most immediate manner of taking action as an incorporate homo, as a more than human being.