The evidence of bad character

The evidence of bad character The evidence of bad character is an interesting area which have often been brought up by academician and judges like Professor Hoffman to its disputable and uncertainty of status, and so it have been describe as a law which is complex, unprincipled and riddled with anomalies by Professor Adrian Keane. The general rule was that the defendant may not be asked about his convictions or other bad character until he throws the shield himself i.e. he himself have adduce his own characteristic as evidence, in other words it means that evidence may not be given about his character as part of the prosecution case. The rationale of the rule has proved that the prejudice created by such evidence outweighed any probative value it might have. The basis of the rule can be trace from the dictum of Lord Herschell LC in Makin v Attorney-General for New South Wales: ‘It is undoubtedly not competent for the prosecution to adduce evidence tending to show that the accused has been guilty of criminal acts other than those covered by the indictment, for the purpose of leading to the conclusion that the accused is a person likely from his criminal conduct or character to have committed the offence for which he is being tried. On the other hand, the mere fact that the evidence adduced tends to show the commission of other crimes does not render it inadmissible if it be relevant to an issue before the jury. In other word, it means that the prosecution may not use the accuseds previous bad character to suggest to the jury that he acted in conformity therewith in relation to the offence charged. However, there was also exception following the above dictum he laid down: ‘†¦and it may be so relevant if it bears upon the question whether the acts alleged to constitute the crime charged in the indictment were designed or accidental, or to rebut a defence which would otherwise be open to the accused. In other word, Lord Herschell mean that the evidence which tends to show the commission of other crimes is wide enough to cover not just evidence of the defendants previous convictions, but also evidence of other offences which he is alleged to have committed but for which he has not been tried. Then he came out with two instances in which evidence of other offence may b relevant to guilt. Firstly, the defendant claims that the act of which complaint is made did take place but that it was an accident or so called ‘similar fact evidence and, secondly, where the defendant put forward some defence but his character shows that the defence is not open to him. Following the dictum, the case of Makin had illustrated that there was no direct evidence and an inference was drawn by the jury base on indirect evidence i.e. circumstantial evidence to reach a conclusion. Second, the admissibility of evidence of other offences depends entirely upon the issues in the case that the relevance of the evidence can only be judged by reference to the issues which arise for decision. The method had almost been an universal usage where the prosecution try to prove that on one or more occasions the accused has acted in a way similar to that alleged in the charge although it was not normally known as similar fact evidence. Moving on, the case of Thompson had shown the way the rule applies to evidence of the defendants character which does not disclose the commission of offences. In this case, the appellant was the man who had committed acts of gross indecency in a public lavatory. The issue was one of identity because the appellants defence was that it was pure coincidence that he turned up at the agreed time. It was held relevant to rebut by the context of evidence of defendants sexual behaviour towards young boys. Lord Sumner in this case said that there is a risk of prejudice by a jury after hearing the accused has committed other offences. Because of the risk, the prosecution is not normally allowed to call such evidence, but that it may do so where it is relevant to an issue in the case. Later in Harris v DPP, it develops the analysis of the part prejudice plays in similar fact evidence. Viscount Simon described there would be reasonable cause to adduce similar fact evidence and referred to the rule of practice requiting a judge to disallow reliance on admissible evidence if its probable effect would be out of proportion to its true evidential value. And this is the first time the House of Lord brought together the need for similar fact evidence to be probative on one or more of the issues in the case, and the need for the judge to consider the overall effect of the evidence on the jury. All this was later drawn together and fully explained in DPP v Boardman, which follow the dictum laid down in Makin. Lord Wilberforce comes out with: ‘†¦it is necessary to estimate (i) whether, the evidence as to other facts tends to support, i.e. to make more credible, the evidence given as to the fact in question, (ii) whether such evidence, if given, is likely to be prejudicial to the accused. Both these elements involve questions of degree. It falls to the judge†¦ to estimate the respective and relative weight of these two factors†¦ It simply means that the judge must weigh the probative force of similar fact evidence against its prejudicial effect and only allow it if it would not be unfair to the defendant to allow it to be given. Another case of Sim also applying the similar way to rebut the appellants defence, where the accuseds homosexual tendency is only admissible where it is of sufficient relevance. Lord Goddard CJ pointed out that, similar fact evidence is a form of character evidence admissible because it is relevant to guilt, it may b introduces as part of the prosecution case, and need not await the presentation of the defence or be limited to cross-examination of the accused.

Business Communication Report of Hotel

Business Communication Report of Hotel Business Communication Report: A case study on King and Queen Hotel Suits Mt. Taranaki Resort Mahendernath Chivukula Contents (Jump to) Introduction 1. Organisational Culture 2. Leadership styles 3. Communicating business information 4. Eliminating barriers in communication within the teams 5. Team Work 6. Conflict Conflict resolution policy Conclusion Works Cited Introduction The King and Queen Hotel suites is a world class boutique hotel in New Plymouth that is offering various facilities to its customers since 2013. Since they are already into this business, now the management and the owners of the company decided to expand their business by opening new hotel Mt Taranaki Resort with recreational facilities along with hotel facilities. This report contains information about the management plans for the development of the business in order to give exceptional service to their customers at both the properties. This report explains how the company and employees absorb different cultures, leadership style, communicating business information, eliminating communication barriers, team work and resolving conflicts between the team members. As the Director of Human Resource it is my responsibility to convey the information efficiently to all the team members who are working with the organisation. To achieve the organisational goals effective communication paly major role. So there should be guidelines to the staff and the management to run the operations smoothly while delivering exceptional service to their customers. 1. Organisational Culture Organisation culture is the values and behaviour that contribute a unique social and psychological environment to an organization. It includes an organization’s expectations, experience and values that hold together. It helps to express its self-image, internal working conditions, interaction with other organizations and future expectations. It is based on attitudes, beliefs, written and unwritten rules that help to develop over time and considered to be valid. It is also called as corporate culture that shows the organisations how it conducts its business, treating its employees, in which extent freedom is allowed in decision-making, encouraging innovations, how the power and communication flow through its hierarchy and how employees are committed to achieve the organisational goals. (Businessdictionary.com, 2015) In hospitality industry where people live and work together with different cultures. It believes values and attitudes define the company. Since the staff directly serves people, so customers can judge our company every time they interact with the staff. So managing our culture is very important to deliver the right image or to leave good impression every time on the company. (Reinhart, 2015) The King and Queen Hotel suites is a world-class boutique in New Plymouth and the owner’s plan to develop the business, taking this into prospect the Mission and values of Mt Taranaki Resort would as followed. Our Mission: Our guest: We should be committed to meet and exceed the expectation of our guest with continuous dedication to every aspect of service. Our Family: we are committed to growth and development of our employees. Our stakeholders: We will create amazing value for our stakeholders. (Oberoihotels.com, n.d.) Our Values: Our team members should follow five core values to achieve the organisational goals and for self-development it is S.C.R.I.P.T S. C – The Spirit of Conquest R – Respect I – Innovation P – Performance T – Trust Our employee should come up with new ideas, their performance should be key to success, respect different cultural background people and last but not the least trust is the base of the management. (Values- Accor, n.d.) As the Director of Human Resource I would incorporate the above mission and values in the King and Queen Hotel Suites Mt Taranaki Resort to all the employees to ensure that both entities have the same brand. I will build this culture by recruiting the right people for the right job and ensure each and every person who recruited will under go an Induction programme were in a training sessions would be conducted on the core values of the organisation and would measure it by collecting feedback from all the employees and look at the end result i.e. to achieve organisational goals. 2. Leadership styles A leader is an individual who leads the group of people in an organisation or a person who as ability to do this. Leadership involves vision, sharing it with his sub ordinates, providing information, knowledge and methods to achieve that vision. To coordinate and balance the conflicts between all the team members. A leader who steps in when there is crisis situation and think creatively to solve the issue. These skills are not taught though it can enhance through training and mentoring. There are different styles, which exist in work environment. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages. Every organisation has its own leadership styles that are depended on the necessary task to complete the needs. (Businessdictionary.com, 2015) The different leadership styles are as followed. Laissez- Faire Autocratic Participative Laissez – Faire: A leader who lacks direct supervision of employees and could not able to provide regular feedback to those who work under him. Highly experienced employees who require little supervision fall under this style. However not all fall under this style. This leadership style produces no leadership or supervision efforts from managers that lead to lack of control and cost. (Johnson, 2015) Autocratic: This leadership style allows managers to make decision alone without any interruptions. It is also known as authoritative style leads who impose their will to employees. This helps employees who require close supervision. (Johnson, 2015) Participative: This style values the inputs of team members but the responsibility of making decision would be with the leader. This style boost employee morally because employees make contribution to the decision making process. If the organisation wants to do any changes this style helps employees accept changes easily because they participate in the decision process. (Johnson, 2015) As a Director of Human resources of King and Queen Hotel Suites Mt Taranaki Resort, we will ensure that the organisation always encourage participative leadership style and focus on employees by providing training on taking initiative, critical thinking, listening effectively, motivate others, discipline, constant learning, handling conflicts and to be a follower. So a good leadership should have all the essential elements, which are mentioned above to develop in career. And a constant feedback will be provided to the employees. The key for successful leadership is to be participative not authoritative/ autocratic. So we will ensure that all staff at King and Queen Hotel Suites will participate in the development of new hotel Mt Taranaki resorts. 3.  Communicating business information Communication plays a major role in any organisation and there are many ways that people communicate in the workplace. As we work in hospitality industry where we will handle different guest, internal communication plays major role to deliver the service. It is know that 75 to 80 percent of managers in hotel industry spend their time on written and oral communication. To be successful in the industry each and every employee should be aware of different communication methods and to know which one to be used effectively according to task required. The different types of communication used in hotels are face-to-face communication, emails, notice boards, team briefings, departmental meetings etc. (Sheahan, 2015) As the director of human resource manger for King and Queen Hotel suites Mt Taranaki Resort will try to ensure that staff are communicated well with the company’s vision, mission, its objectives and taking there company a level ahead. The communication strategies that can use at King and Queen Hotel suites and Mt Taranaki resorts for effective communication are as followed. Internal communication Marketing communication Communication with stakeholders Monitoring Nonverbal messages Internal communication: In this strategy the organisation has to communicate with their employees, managers and contractors. Jargons should be avoided in emails, notice boards and letters considering the level of knowledge of from bottom level employee to top level. Employees can give feedback or ask any question for the information they received from management. Marketing communication: Communicating marketing information to employees can influence the end result of the organisation. It will improve the business of the organisation. So employees should have information on the development of Mt Taranaki Resort and can give their inputs for growth. Communication with stakeholders: An organisation should have good communication with their stakeholders because they are the key role for the success of their business. Monitoring Non verbal messages: Most of the frontline staff in hotel industry communicates with their guest non-verbally through their body language, appearance, by monitoring non-verbal message the organisation can match non-verbal with verbal ones. (Johnston, 2015) 4.  Eliminating barriers in communication within the teams: There are lot of communication barriers in an organisation. In any workplace there should be clear, open communication. As a manager my job is to break down the barriers to communication within the teams. Steps to over come the barriers are as followed. Encourage awareness of misinterpretation of written words, and insist every employee to crystal clear. Differences in perspective – to over come this barrier we need to mind it before it begins. We have to be clear by outlining clear plans and step-by-step expectations of what required from each and every employee. A lack of trust – to over come this problem team building activities to be conducted to staff. So by building teamwork we can improve over all communication. Distractions – to over come this problem staff has to do everything possible to eliminate distractions within the teams. Information overload – sometimes too much information to staff can lead to misunderstanding and no clarity on message. To over come this barrier information should be essential one, ensuring there is no misunderstanding. (The Managers Minute, 2012) As a HR Manager I would need to be a proactive individual and construct multi-layered environment to take out any boundaries that may emerge and to keep the pattern going on the inn we would need take a gander at a wide range of requirements and needs of the representatives and making them blend with diverse societies so easily that they have exceptionally constrained measure of the obstructions in correspondence. 5.  Team Work Teamwork plays major role in any organisation which increase performance of employees, employee unity and organisation culture. Team members use teamwork to perfect ideas off of one another to develop the organisation goals. It helps to solve the problem-solving situation with help of multiple ideas from team members. Teamwork is the backbone of effective communication within the organisation. It helps to promote conversation between team members to do one task. When employee work together as a team each and every one can learn from one another. Employees from different departments can learn information from each other regarding the limitations and possibilities of those departments. (Marquis, 2015) Team building skills are essential for every employee in the organisation whether he is a manager, supervisor or staff. Basic team building skills can determine the success of an organisation. Our company promotes teamwork to create environment that lead to greater productivity and creativity. Following are the 8 strategies for King and Queen Hotel suites Mt Taranaki for effective team building: Common Goal: An organisation with multiple goals cannot reach its agendas. Our company has single goal i.e. exceeding the expectation of our guest by delivering 100% service. We as a team should ensure that all work towards our single goal to and achieve excellent customer satisfaction. Clarity Goal: All communication passed within the organisation should be clarity so that team members can understand overall purpose. Commitment from each team member: All members should work as a productive team, there has to be a commitment from each team member to achieve the company goal. Do What You Do Best: The purpose of teamwork is to group of people work together to accomplish the task. So each and every individual has to give his or her best out to the team. It’s Not About You: The hardest attitude to handle in assuming a part on a group is that its not about you. It not about your resume, what others will believe, its about assuming a part to fulfil the objective or undertaking that has been given. The hardest test to any task lead or supervisor is getting a gathering on people to capacity as a group and spot their own aspirations to the side. You Have Got to Talk Each Other: It is very important to have good communication within the team members to know about the task given to them. In recent times there are frequent tools that are used to communicate like email, mobile phones, social media and property management system to team members. Work as a Team, Play as a Team: As we all spend most of the time by working together in our company team members have to anticipate what others will do and how they will respond. This can only happen by being together. Everyone cannot Lead: Each task will have a supervisor. There are numerous approaches to pick a supervisor. A few managers decide to choose by a individual area of skill or their capacity to convey and oversee activities and individuals. The perfect circumstance is to delegate to a person that is talented in both ranges. (Finch, 2007) 6.  Conflict Organisational conflict is often result of a disagreement between two or more people in a company. It can also exist outside the organisation this usually involves one or more companies in the business environment. (Vitez, 2015) Conflict resolution policy In our company if there is any presence of conflict it can be serious issue that needs immediate resolution. If team members appear not to be interacting as cooperatively as we think. The company will engage those team members in conflict resolution solution. Our company has some strategies to over come this conflict situation. It will aid the team members in putting them in the following conflict resolution strategies. Discussion – conflict arises due to lack of communication if the team members are not having conversation with their other members. To over come this employee has to set up time for a discussion. Written communication – if any issue escalated one of the employees has lost temper, written communication may effective way of breaking down this conflict situation. Each employee can write a letter to each other by outlining the problem. By writing letter instead of face-to-face conversation benefit is can select careful words. It also make sure that the exchange doesn’t erupt into yelling. Meditation – conflicts cant work it out together without the intermission of third party. It can over come by arranging training sessions by third party to employees. It allows employees to sit down and can assist them in working out their problems. Compromise – employees has to give little and take little by compromising between the two. They can sit down with the manager and discuss the problem between two employees, arranging compromises instead of just choosing one employee interest over the other by this company can reduce likelihood one staff member feels slighted by the way in which conflict was resolved. Voting – simple way to resolve conflict is by voting, it is the most effective method. (Schreiner, 2015) Conclusion An organisation Culture is which empowers an organisation to understand the way of life that needs to be advised to the employees which empowers them to wind up pioneers who can take the organisation to the following level with the assistance of conveying the business data to the workers by diminishing the correspondence boundaries which can never be killed/ overcome for all time as the obstructions could emerge at any given circumstance. Teamwork is one of the vital parts of the business without cooperation no organisation can work through to the goals, mission and vision. Conflict resolution is one of the real territories that need to be determined on regular premise as conflicts could emerge at no given time. An approach has been made and imparted to the staff at the time of joining or at the time of their exchange, with the goal that there can be a determination rather that a huge case. Works Cited Businessdictionary.com. (2015). Retrieved April 2, 2015, from www.businessdictionary.com: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/organizational-culture.html Reinhart, C. (2015). Smallbusiness.chron.com. Retrieved April 2, 2015, from www. smallbusiness.chron.com: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/organizational-culture-hospitality-industry-12969.html Oberoihotels.com. (n.d.). Retrieved April 3, 2015, from www.oberoihotels.com: http://www.oberoihotels.com/about-us/mission-vision.aspx Values- Accor. (n.d.). Accor.com. Retrieved April 3, 2015, from www.accor.com: http://www.accor.com/en/group/accor-company-profile/values.html Businessdictionary.com. (2015). Retrieved April 5, 2015, from www.businessdictionary.com: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/leadership.html Johnson, R. (2015). Smallbusiness.chron.com. Retrieved April 5, 2015, from www.smallbusiness.chron.com: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/5-different-types-leadership-styles-17584.html Sheahan, K. (2015). smallbusiness.chron.com. Retrieved April 5, 2015, from www.smallbusiness.chron.com: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/business-communication-methods-115.html Johnston, K. (2015). Strategies for effective communication. Retrieved from Chron: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/strategies-effective-communication-57218.html The Managers Minute. (2012). nationalseminarstraining.com. Retrieved April 6, 2015, from www.nationalseminarstraining.com: https://www.nationalseminarstraining.com/managersminute/MGRMIN_0612/article3.cfm Marquis, A. (2015). smallbusiness.chron.com. Retrieved April 7, 2015, from www.smallbusiness.chron.com: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/importance-teamwork-organizations-14209.html Finch, D. (2007, August 5). davidsfinch.com. Retrieved April 7, 2015, from www.davidsfinch.com: http://www.davidsfinch.com/2007/08/8-basic-strategies-for-effective-team-building.html Vitez, O. (2015). ehow.com. Retrieved April 8, 2015, from www.ehow.com: http://www.ehow.com/facts_6763652_definition-organizational-conflict.html Schreiner, E. (2015). smallbusiness.chron.com. Retrieved April 8, 2015, from www.smallbusiness.chron.com: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/five-types-conflict-resolution-strategies-19251.html

birthmark Essay -- essays research papers

Birthmarks, are they a sign of imperfection or not? Are they a curse or something special?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the 1840’s when this story The Birthmark was written the social beliefs were heavily influenced by the Puritan religion. It was believed that religion was the answer to all problems which left no room for science, the two were totally incompatible. Another puritan belief was in the biblical creation theory which was basically that god created the earth, he was responsible for giving life and the taking it away. Science on the other hand, had to have everything explained in minuet detail, but when you explain away the magic you tend to destroy things. In the story the wife was perfect in every way except one; she had a little mark on her cheek. Some said she had been...

Relative Dating Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Fundamental Principles of Relative DatingRelative dating involves placing events in their proper chronological sequence, that is, in the order of their occurrence (Dutch 1998). This type of dating tells us which geologic event happened first, but does not give an exact date to which something happened. There are several different methods that are used in relative dating. These are the fundamental methods that are used in the field by geologists' and earth scientists to gather information about the relative age of rock bodies and other cool geologic stuff. These principles are the principle of superposition, the principle of original horizontality, the principle of cross-cutting relationships, and the principle of inclusions.The principle of superposition is defined as in the environment of an undisturbed layer of sedimentary rocks; the layers on the bottom are older than the layers towards the top. The pictures I have taken show very good examples of this. By using the principle of superposition we can know that the layers toward the bottom are older than the layers toward the top. The rock body shown in the pictures attached, started out as one layer, as millions and millions of years passed more layers of sedimentary rock were placed on top of each other one after another, each layer was deposited at a later time than the one before it. The youngest layer is on the top, and the oldest layer is on the bottom. This principle was founded by the Danish anatomist Nicolas ...

aphasia Essay -- essays research papers fc

Aphasia is a language disorder that results from damage to portions of the brain that are responsible for language. For most people, these are parts of the left side (hemisphere) of the brain. Aphasia usually occurs suddenly, often as the result of a stroke or head injury, but it may also develop slowly, as in the case of a brain tumor. The disorder impairs the expression and understanding of language as well as reading and writing. â€Å"Aphasia may co-occur with speech disorders such as dysarthria or apraxia of speech, which also result from brain damage†. (Sarno 23) Anyone can acquire aphasia, but most people who have aphasia are in their middle to late years. Men and women are equally affected. â€Å"It is estimated that approximately 80,000 individuals acquire aphasia each year†.(Eiesenson 37) â€Å"About one million persons in the United States currently have aphasia†.(www.aphasia.org) Aphasia is caused by damage to one or more of the language areas of the brain. Many times, the cause of the brain injury is a stroke. A stroke occurs when, for some reason, blood is unable to reach a part of the brain. Brain cells die when they do not receive their normal supply of blood, which carries oxygen and important nutrients. Other causes of brain injury are severe blows to the head, brain tumors, brain infections, and other conditions of the brain. â€Å"Individuals with Broca's aphasia have damage to the frontal lobe of the brain†. (www.aphasia.org) These individuals frequently speak in short, meaningful phrases that are produced with great effort. Broca's aphasia is thus characterized as a nonfluent aphasia. Affected people often omit small words such as "is," "and," and "the." â€Å"For example, a person with Broca's aphasia may say, "Walk dog" meaning, "I will take the dog for a walk." The same sentence could also mean "You take the dog for a walk," or "The dog walked out of the yard," depending on the circumstances†. (Jakobson 43) Individuals with Broca's aphasia are able to understand the speech of others to varying degrees. Because of this, they are often aware of their difficulties and can become easily frustrated by their speaking problems. â€Å"Individuals with Broca's aphasia often have right-sided weakness or paralysis of the arm a nd leg because the frontal lobe is also important for body movement†. (Jakobs... ... the home. Seek out support groups such as stroke clubs. Aphasia research is exploring new ways to evaluate and treat aphasia as well as to further understanding of the function of the brain. Brain imaging techniques are helping to define brain function, determine the severity of brain damage, and predict the severity of the aphasia. â€Å"These procedures include PET (positron emission tomography), CT (computed tomography), and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) as well as the new functional magnetic resonance (FMRI), which identifies areas of the brain that are used during activities such as speaking or listening†. () â€Å"In-depth testing of the language ability of individuals with the various aphasic syndromes is helping to design effective treatment strategies†.() The use of computers in aphasia treatment is being studied. Promising new drugs administered shortly after some types of stroke are being investigated as ways to reduce the severity of aphasia Works Cited Sarno, Martha T. Acquired Aphasia. California. Academic Press. 1998. Eiesenson, Jon. Aphasia in Children. New York. Jakobson, Roman. Child Language Aphasia and Phonological Universals. Texas. 1972 www.aphasia.org

Coca Cola’s New Vending Machine

1) Pros for Coca Cola Co. Technology Availability: Electronic components are becoming more and more versatile and cheaper. All that is required in order to adjust the price with the changes of the weather is a temperature sensor and a computer chip. Therefore, it can reduce the implementation costs. Increase competitiveness through price discrimination: Price discrimination is used in order to increase the economic efficiency. In principle, the temperature sensitive vending machine is no different from any other form of price discrimination. For example, airlines pair daily and hourly fluctuations in demand with fluctuations in price. Moreover, in Japan some vending machines already adjust their prices based on the temperature outside. Increase profitability: vending machines are an extremely profitable resource and channel and have the opportunity to be more profitable for Coca Cola. More profitability could be achieved through: * Having the ability to lower the price to customers who would usually not buy the product but all the same with charging a higher price to those who would. Lowering the price at off-peak buying time in order to increase the overall sales. * Providing information when a machine is out of stock. Facilitate the micro marketing: information about which drinks are selling and, at what rates in a particular location is relayed by internet, helps salespeople to figure out which drinks will sell best in which locations. Cons for Coca Cola Co. Damaging the brand image: it causes to interpret that Coca C ola is not customer-friendly Risk of price war: automatic price adjustments will provide the capability to ignite the price war e. . over a holiday weekend. Pros for consumers * Interactive experience when purchasing a soft drink could produce added value as micro marketing can be used to satisfy the demand of consumers more easily. * Enjoy more promotion and pay less when the product is less demanded. Cons for consumers * Product is more expensive when it is more needed. This might seem unfair to a thirsty person. Considering that, the purpose of a coke is always to quench the thirst, people should not pay different prices for the same good. Exploit the consumers who live in warm climates. * Exploit the faithful customers who are loyal to Coca Cola brand. 2) Where? * In hot climates: the value of coke to customers is higher because a cold drink is needed more to quench their thirst. Therefore, this technology will increase the price of coke in warm climates and destroy the value of coke to brand switchers who will find an alternative. * In colder climates: the value of coke to customers is lower because they do not desire cold drinks. Therefore, the price will be lower and this will make coke have a higher value for customers in colder climates. Who? * Brand switchers: this type of consumers will not have loyalty to Coca Cola and therefore switch brands based on the related price. Therefore, it may create value to brand switchers in colder climates and decrease value in hotter climates, as they find a cheaper alternative. Overall, brand switchers will benefit the most from this technology. * Habitual buyers: this type of consumers does not prefer the brand but switching costs are too high. Therefore, they stay with the same brand and if the price of coke becomes lower than competing brands it will add value of coke to these consumers. * Brand loyal consumers: these customers will suffer the most because they will want to buy Coca Cola whether the weather is cold or hot. Therefore, it will only add value to this product for them when it is cold. 3) Price Wars: the ability to discount prices so easily could cause competitors to lower prices, specifically on holidays. Price discrimination: those consumers that drink on hot days will be worse off since they must pay a higher price, while some consumers that drink Coke on cold days will be better off since they receive a lower price. Consequently, sales in warmer countries could decrease as a result of charging high prices. It will only be a success if the difference between prices is not explicitly known. Otherwise, price discrimination could harm Coca Cola’s brand image. In addition, setting the price lower in cold climates might cause some profit losses and change the reference point, and destroy the brand image either. ) * Coca Cola should not have publicized the new technology while it was still being researched. Instead, they should have waited until they knew exactly what they wanted to achieve through this technology. Furthermore, they should not have publicized new technology in a way that vending machines would change prices according to the weather temperature. Because, this create s controversy that made them look not customer-friendly but profit hungry. This might damage the brand image. * Their response to the announcement of New York Times was the right action. Because, it cleared the intention of Coca Cola that was to improve product availability and promotion activity rather than to raise prices of soft drinks in hot weather. * Another point they did right is that they carried out thorough product testing of this new technology to enable them to identify how successfully it could increase their vending machine profitability. * I would recommend that if Coca Cola decided to use the technology they might first implement it in colder countries and promote the new technology as a way for consumers to save money and increase their utilities. After the adoption of this new technology, they should introduce it into warmer countries but without the emphasizing on the price, with more emphasizing on the attributes of the vending machine such as refrigerated display case, cooler, the ability of accepting credit cards and debit cards, better availability of products through better stock control. 5) I think the comments of Mr. Ivester were naive and not well planned. He should not say that it is fair to raise prices in a championship event in a hot summer day. Therefore, according to the passage the Ivester’s answer created the flap, seeming to cast the company as one that was not customer-friendly. Instead, he should say that Coca Cola is not introducing vending machines that raise the price of soft drinks in hot weather, just exploring innovative technology that can improve product availability, promotion activity. Just like the comments of Pepsi spokesman, Jeff Brown, â€Å"At Pepsi we are focused on innovations that make it easier for consumers to buy a soft drink, not harder. † Based on Ivester’s comments, the image of Coca Cola’s brand eroded.

A Short Story Of Denim Essay

jean is more(prenominal) than than just a cotton plant material it inspires blind drunk opinions in struggledly the hearts of historians, designers, teen advancers, movie stars, reporters and generators. Interest b siteing on passion can be befool among textile and costume historians today, especi eithery in the debate everywhere the admittedly origins of wild la break forcetable yonder jean. These experts take in put decenniums of run for into their look into pre pose atomic number 18 summarized the prevailing opinions ab disclose the cod of blue jean, followed by a discussion of the look Levi Strauss & Co. has helped to contri howevere to blue jeans apparent motion nigh the world. In 1969 a writer for the Statesn Fabrics magazine declared, dungaree is i of the worlds oldest textiles, yet it clay etern either(a)y issue. If continuous role of and affaire in an item makes it etern wholey juvenility then blue jean surely qualifies. From the s veri table(a)teenth s forthwith to the present, dungaree has been twine, utilise and dispose do into upholstery, boxers and awnings make up in museums, attics, antique stores and archaeological digs care feeble as the model of sonorous fair work, and as the mental synthesis of angry rising use for the sails of Columbus ships in novel and worn by the Statesn cow boys in fact.Leg finish up and fact are equivalently interwoven when scholars discuss the origin of the recognize blue jean itself. Most reference books joint that blue jean is an English corruption of the cut serge de Nimes a serge theoretical account from the town of Nimes in France. However, near scholars take a shit begun to top dog this tradition. at that model are a hardly a(prenominal) schools of ruleing with regard to the derivation of the boy dungaree. Pascale Gorguet-B eachesteros, of the Mu key de la Mode et du Costume in Paris, has make slightly interesting research on both of these issues. A framework called serge de Nimes, was love in France prior to the 17th degree Celsius. At the a deal time, in that location was as closely as a cloth know in France as nim. Both frameworks were composed damply of woolen. Serge de Nimes was also known in England before the shutting of the 17th century.The question then arises is this theoretical account imported from France or is it an English fabric bearing the kindred report? gibe to Ms. Gorguet-Ballesteros, fabrics which were foretelld for a certain geographic kettle of fish were often also make elsewhither the name was used to l wind up a certain seal of approval to the fabric when it was offered for sale. accordingly a serge de Nimes purchased in England was very apparent also make in England, and non in Nimes, France. on that point calm quite a little cadaver the question of how the term blue jean is popularly theory to be descended from the word serge de Nimes.Serge de Nimes was make of s ilk and wool, but denim has eternally been do of cotton. What we invite here again, I think, is a relation between fabrics that is in name all, though both fabrics are a twill weave. Is the real origin of the word denim serge de nim, symboliseing a fabric that resembled the voice-wool fabric called nim? Was serge de Nimes more well-known, and was this word mistrans easyd when it pass the English Channel? Or, did British merchants judge to leaping a zippy french name to an English fabric to give it a bit more cachet? Its likely we will neer really know.Then, to confuse things in time more, there also existed, at this very(prenominal) time, an early(a)(prenominal) fabric known as blue jean. question on this textile indicates that it was a claptrap a cotton, linen and/or wool blend and that the fustian of Genoa, Italy was called jean here we do see evidence of a fabric being named from a place of origin. It was manifestly quite popular, and imported into England in l arge quantities during the 16th century. By the end of this period jean was being produced in Lancashire. By the 18th century jean cloth was make completely of cotton, and used to make work forces habit, valued especially for its property of durability even off later more washings. Denims popularity was also on the rise. It was industrial-strengther and more expensive than jean, and though the two fabrics were very similar in otherwise ship focussing, they did keep up angiotensin converting enzyme major difference denim was make of one(a) colored thread and one blanched thread jean was woven of two threads of the akin color. move across the Atlantic, we find American textile hero sandwichs starting on a small scale at this same time, the late 18th century, or soly as a way to stupefy free from foreign producers (mainly the English). From the very reference, cotton fabrics were an authorized component of their product line. A grind in the state of Massachu puzzlet s wove both denim and jean. President George Washington toured this milling machinery in 1789 and was shown the machinery which wove denim, which had both warp and everyplaceeat of cotton. cardinal of the set-back printed references to the word denim in the United States was seen in this same year a Rhode Island newspaper report on the local production of denim (among other fabrics). The book The Weavers Draft declare and Clothiers Assistant, published in 1792, contains technical sketches of the interweave methods for a variety of denims. In 1864, an easterly Coast wholesale house announce that it carried 10 different kinds of denim, including bare-assed brook obscures and Madison River Browns. (They sound instead contemporary, apply upont they?A nonher work forbidden of denim appearing eternally young.) Websters Dictionary of the same year contained the word denim, referring to it as a coarse cotton drilling used for overalls, etc. search shows that jean and denim w ere two very different fabrics in 19th century America. They also differed in how they were used. In 1849 a in the buff York last fictionalisationr announce topcoats, vests or short covers in chestnut, olive, black, white and blue jean. Fine trousers were offered in blue jean overalls and trousers made for work were offered in blue and fancy denim. Other American force custodyts show working hands wearying clothe that illustrates this difference in utilisation between jean and denim. Mechanics and painters wore overalls made of blue denim working workforce in general (including those not meshed in manual labor) wore more trig trousers made of jean. Denim, then, seems to have been reserved for work attire, when both durability and comfort were needed. jean was a workwear fabric in general, with give away the added benefits of denim as I just mentioned.In Staple Cotton Fabrics by bathroom Hoye, published in 1942, jean is listed as a cotton serge with warp and fill of the same color, used for overalls, work and run some shirts, doctors and nurses uniforms and as linings for boots and shoes. Of denim, Hoye enounces, The near weighty fabric of the work- habiliments group is denim. Denims are wet and serviceable they are particularly strong in the warp direction, where the fabric is subjected to abundanter wear than the filling.Twenty days after this was written, the magazine American Fabrics ran an hold which stated, If we were to use a human term to purpose for a textile we might say that denim is an honest fabric substantial, forth correctly, and unpretentious. So how did this utilitarian and unpretentious fabric function the stuff of legends that it is today? And how did pants made out of denim come to be called jeans, when they were not made out of the fabric called jean? One very important reason can be found in the life and work of a Bavarian- natural dividing lineman who made his way to atomic heel 79 look sharp San Francisc o more than 150 years ago.Levis jeans, of course, are named for the founder of the attach to that makes them. A lot of pack over the years have thought that Levi Strauss & Co. was started by a Mr. Levi and a Mr. Strauss or even by the French philosopher/anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss. The truth is, the club was founded by a man born as Loeb Strauss in Bavaria in 1829. He, his female parent and two sisters left Germany in 1847 and sailed to in the raw York, where Loebs half-brothers were in contrast sell wholesale ironic goods (bolts of cloth, linens, clothing, etc.). For a few years, young Loeb Strauss worked for his brothers, and in 1853 obtained his American citizenship. In that same year, he resolved to make a new start and narrow the hazardous journey to San Francisco, a ur banning condense enjoying the benefits of the recent Gold Rush.At duration 23, Loeb either decided to go into the run dry goods military control for himself ( peradventure thinking that th e easiest way to make money during a Gold Rush was to sell supplies to miners), or he was sent there by his brothers, in order to open the west Coast wooden leg of the family business. No amour what the reason, San Francisco was the kind of city where people went to reinvent themselves and their lives, and this proved to be true for Loeb, who changed his name to Levi sometime around 1850, for which we should be grateful, or else today we would all be eating away Loebs Jeans. We dont know how young Levi Strauss got his business off the ground what his thinking was if he travelled into the gold country in search of customers, be slip LS&CO. lost virtually all of its records, inventory, and photographs in the great San Francisco earthquake and open fire of 1906. This has led to many problems for confederacy sanctionrs, researchers, and certainly those interested in LS&CO.s hi myth. important of these is digging up the true base of the invention of blue jeans, and separating p opular myth from preceding(prenominal)al reality. For gos, the tale ran like this Levi Strauss arrived in San Francisco, and noticed that miners needed strong, sturdy pants. So he took some chocolate-brown plane from the stock of dry goods supplies he brought with him from wise York, and had a tailor make a rival of pants. Later, he dyed the fabric blue, then switched to denim, which he imported from Nimes. He got the idea of adding metal rivets to the pants from a tailor in Reno, Nevada, and sheered this affect in 1873. Luckily, the company obtained copies of the patent cover for the riveting process a flake of years ago so we know that Jacob Davis, the Nevada tailor, did come up with this idea and worked with Levi Strauss to manufacture riveted clothing. However, the brown canvas pants story is really just an attractive myth.This story likely arose because evidence had been found of some brown pants made of a heavy material which the company sell in the 19th century. However, historical research done at institutions in the San Francisco orbital cavity provides us with the truth within the myth. Levi Strauss was a wholesale dry goods merchant germ with his arrival in San Francisco in 1853. He sold the common dry goods products, including clothing whose manufacturers are unfortunately unknown to us. Levi worked hard, and acquired a reputation for theatrical role products over the succeeding(a) two decades. In 1872 he got a letter from tailor Jacob Davis, who had been making riveted clothing for the miners in the Reno area and who purchased cloth from Levi Strauss & Co.He needed a business cooperator to help him choke a patent and begin to manufacture this new font of work clothing. Well, Levi knew a good business opportunity when he precept one, and in 1873 LS&CO. and Davis trustworthy a patent for an onward motion in Fastening Pocket-Openings. As brie vaporize as the two men got their manufacturing celerity under way, they began to m ake copper riveted shank overalls (which is the old name for jeans) out of a brown cotton confuse, and a blue denim. Its likely that a oppose of these put off pants (which survived the 1906 fire) confused former(a) historians of the company, as duck looks and feels like canvas. The denim, however, was true blue. Of course, Levi did not dye any brown fabric blue, as the myth has proclaimed, nor did he purchase it from Nimes. Knowing that the riveted pants were handout to be perfect tense for workwear, its likely he decided to make them out of denim sooner than jean for the reasons mentioned sooner denim was what you used when you needed a very sturdy fabric for clothing to be worn by men doing manual labor.The denim for the freshman waistlineline overalls came from the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company in Manchester, New Hampshire, on the East Coast of the United States. This area, known as New England, was the site of the first American textile mills, and by 1873 their fabrics were wellknown and well-made. Amoskeag was compound in 1831 and their denim production go out to the mid-1860s (this being the time of the American genteel struggle, the company also manufactured guns for a few years). In 1914 an name most the association between LS&CO. and Amoskeag appeared in the mills own newspaper. It read in part, In spite of the many cheaper grades offered in emulation, the sale of the Amoskeag denim garment has unploughed up payable in part to the shining denim used in its construction and in part to superior workmanship such as stitch with linen thread, etc.Doubtless the Amoskeag denim has contributed in no small horizontal surface to the success of Levi Strauss & Co. and, in return, that concern has contributed in an equal degree to the success of Amoskeag denims, denote as it does, their superiority over all other denims. At Levi Strauss & Co., the duck and denim waist overalls were proving to be the success that Jacob Davis had predicted. Lev i Strauss was now the head of both a dry goods wholesaling and garment manufacturing business. In addition to the waist overalls, the company made jackets and other outmost wear out of denim and duck they also branched out into shirts of bare(a) or printed muslin. Levi Strauss died in 1902, at the age of 73.He left his thriving business to his four nephews Jacob, Louis, Abraham and Sigmund derriere who helped rebuild the company after the disaster of 1906. The earliest living catalog in the Archives shows a wonderful variety of denim products for sale. deep down a few years, it became obvious to the Stern brothers that they needed a new offset of denim. Near the end of the 19th century Amoskeag and other New England mills had begun to invite a slow decline, due to competition from mills in the southern states, full(prenominal) labor and transportation costs, outdated buildings and equipment and high taxes. The demand for waist overalls was so great that LS&CO. needed a more reliable method of obtaining the fabric they needed. Interestingly, by around 1911 the company had stopped making garments out of cotton duck.Its possible that this was due to customer preference once individualistic had worn a geminate of denim pants, experiencing its strength and comfort and how the denim became more comfortable with every washing he never cute to wear duck again because with cotton duck, you always feel like youre wearing a tent. By 1915 the company was buying the majority of its denim from Cone Mills, in unification Carolina (by 1922 all the denim came from Cone). Founded in 1891, it was the center of denim production in America by the turn of the century. Cone actual the denim which brought Levis jeans their greatest fame during the following decades. By the 1920s, Levis waist overalls were the leading(a) product in mens work pants in the horse opera states. Enter the 1930s when horse opera movies and the West in general captured the American im agination. sure cowboys wearing Levis jeans were elevated to mythological status, and Hesperian clothing became synonymous with a life of independence and rugged individualism. Denim was now associated less often with laborers in general, and more as the fabric of the authorized American as symbolized by tush Wayne, Gary Cooper and others. LS&CO. advertising did its part to open fire this madden, employ the Wests historic preference for denim clothing to advertise Levis waist overalls. Easterners who wanted an accredited cowboy experience headed to the dude ranches of calcium, Arizona, Nevada and other states, where they purchased their first pair of Levis (the products were still only sold West of the Mississippi). They took these garments topographic point to wow their friends and help spread the Western influence to the rest of the country, and even overseas.The mid-forties, wartime. American G.I.s took their favorite pairs of denim pants overseas guarding them against the inevitable theft of valuable items. grit in the States, production of waist overalls went down as the raw materials were needed for the war effort. When the war was over, massive changes in golf-club signalled the end of one era and the beginning of another. Denim pants became less associated with workwear and more associated with the leisure activities of prosperous post-war America. Levi Strauss & Co. began selling its products nationwide for the first time in the mid-fifties. Easterners and Midwesterners last got the chance to wear real Levis jeans, as opposed to the products made by other manufacturers over the years. This led to many changes, within the company and on the products. Zippers was used in the classic waist overalls for the first time in 1954. This was in reaction to complaints from non-Westerners who didnt like the button fly (the jeans they were used to wearing had zippers).We received similar comments from men who had grown up using a button fly, saying rather rude things slightly finding a zipper where buttons should be. We did offer both products all over the country, but making changes to peoples favorite pants is always a risk. Some things took longer to change. One of them was the bearing that denim clothing was enamour only for hard, physical labor. This was dramatically demonstrate to LS&CO. in 1951. Singer Bing Crosby was very accessible of Levis jeans and was wearing his favorite pair while on a pursuit trip to Canada with a friend in that year. The men move to check into a Vancouver hotel, but because they were wearing denim, the desk clerk would not give them a room apparently denim-clad visitors were not considered high-class enough for this hotel. Because the men were wearing Levis jeans, the clerk did not even bother to look past their clothing to see that he was bend away Americas most beloved singer (luckily for Bing, he was finally recognized by the bellhop).LS&CO. heard about this, and created a denim tuxe do jacket for Bing, which we presented to him at a celebration in Elko, Nevada, where Bing was honorary mayor. Interestingly, the day set apart for this special presentation was called sullen Serge solar day not Levis Day or Blue Denim Day. Was the word denim not sophisticated enough for the organizers of the termination (who were not from LS&CO.)? I dont think well ever know the answer to this. The 1950s brought great acclaim to Levis jeans and denim pants in general, though not in the way most company executives would like. The portrayal of denim-clad juvenile delinquents or, as one newspaper put it, cycle boys in films and on television during this decade led many school administrators to ban the wearing of denim in the classroom, fearing that the pure presence of denim on a youngrs body would cause him to rebel against authority in all of its forms.Nearly everyone in America had strong opinions about what wearing blue jeans did to young people. For example in 1957 we ran a n advertisement in a number of newspapers all over the U.S. which showed a clean-cut young boy wearing Levis jeans. The ad contained the slogan, make up For schooling. This ad outraged many parents and adults in general. One woman in New Jersey wrote, While I have to admit that this may be right for school in San Francisco, in the west, or in some rural areas I can assure you that it is in unsuitable taste and not right for School in the East and particularly New YorkOf course, you may have different standards and perhaps your employees are permitted to wear Bermuda shorts or golf togs in your office while transacting Levis business Interesting, isnt it, how this woman predicted the future skip toward episodic clothing in the workplace? only when even as some Americans tried to get denim out of the schools, there were just as many who believed that jeans be a better reputation, and pointed to the many nutritive young people who wore jeans and never got into trouble. merely no matter what anyone thought or did, nothing could stop the ever-increasing demand for Levis jeans. As one 1958 newspaper article reported, about 90% of American spring chickens wear jeans everywhere except in bum and in church and that this is true in most sections of the country. Events in this decade also led the company to change the name of its most popular product. Until the 1950s we referred to the far-famed copper riveted pants as overalls when you went into a small clothing store and asked for a pair of overalls, you were given a pair of Levis. However, after piece War II our customer base changed dramatically, as referred to earlier from working adult men, to leisure-loving teenage boys and their older college-age brothers. These guys called the product jeans and by 1960 LS&CO. decided that it was time to adopt the name, since these new, young consumers had take our products. Now how did the word jeans come to mean pants made out of denim?There are two schools of thou ght on this one. The word might be a derivation of Genoese, meaning the symbol of pants worn by sailors from Genoa, Italy. There is another explanation jean and denim fabrics were both used for workwear for many decades, and jeans pants was a common term for an article of clothing made from jean fabric Levi Strauss himself imported jeans pants from the Eastern part of the United States to sell in California. When the popularity of jean gave way to the even greater popularity of denim for workwear, the word jeans seemed to get stuck with the denim magnetic declination of these pants. Certainly the word jeans has been used to sop up any type of pant made out of denim, and not just the riveted, indestructible, working-mans pants originated by Levi Strauss & Co. in 1873. We even called some lightweight denim Western Wear pants in the 1940s jeans. But until Americas youth decided what jeans meant to them, we stuck with the classic moniker overalls. From the 1950s to the present, denim and jeans have been associated with youth, with new ideas, with rebellion, with individuality.College-age men and women entered American colleges in the 1960s and, wearing their favorite pants (jeans, of course), they began to protest against the loving ills plaguing the United States. Denim acquired a elusive reputation yet again, and for the same reasons as it had a decade earlier those who protest, those who rebel, those who question authority, traditional institutions and customs, wear denim. Beginning in the late 1950s, Levi Strauss & Co. began to look at opportunities for expanding upon outside of the United States. During and after World War II, people in Japan, England and Germany saw Levis jeans for the first time, as they were worn by U.S. soldiers during their off-duty hours. There are earn in the company Archives from people who concernd leather jackets and other clothing items to American G.I.s for their Levis jeans, and wrote to the company asking how they could get another pair. Word began to spread via individual customers, and American magazines which made their way overseas. garner came to us from places as diverse as Thailand, England and Pitcairn Island in the South Pacific, written by people begging us to depute them a pair of the famous jeans. British teenagers would swarm the docks when American Merchant nautical ships came into port, and buy the Levis jeans off the men before they even had time to set foot on dry land. By the late 1960s, the trickle of jeans into Europe and Asia had go a flood. Denim was poised to come in the continent which had given it birth, and it would be espouse with an enthusiasm shown to few other American products. Indeed, despite its European origins, denim was considered the quintessential American fabric, beginning even in the mid-1960s, when jeans were still a new trade good in Europe. We entered the Japanese market a few years later. One writer wrote prophetically in 1964 Throughout the change world denim has become a symbol of the young, active, informal, American way of life. It is evenly symbolic of Americas achievements in mass production, for denim of uniform quality and superior performance is turned out by the mile in some of Americas biggest and most advance(a) mills.Moreover, what was once a fabric only for work clothes, has now also become an important fabric for play clothes, for athletic wear of all types. By the 1970s, these play clothes tended toward the flared and bell bottom silhouette. At the same time, new fabrics were used for products that had traditionally been made out of denim. The product line of Levi Strauss & Co. was no exception. Blue Levis were still a staple of the companys collection, but a glimpse at sales catalogs will reveal that customers also wanted plaid, polyester, no-wrinkle flares with matching vests. What looked almost like the end of simple, cotton denim as the fabric of everyday wear, was merely a ruin in denims proceed asc ension to global dominion. A snuggled look will show that denim never really disappeared.Even in the 1970s, when it seemed that denim was being pushed aside in favor of these other fabrics, writers, manufacturers, and marketing executives worked hard to keep denim in the general eye. A writer in the slip away 1970 issue of American Fabrics said, Indigo Blue Denimhas become a phenomenon without repeat in our times. To the youth of this country, and many other countries in this shrinking world, Indigo Blue Denim does not stand for utility. Its the worlds top manner fabric for pants. By the mid to late 1970s the craze for doubleknits and other like fabrics began to slow. At the same time, marketing reports in various trade magazines showed an upward pant in the popularity of denim, as seen in the number of denim-clad models in print and television advertising. Those who followed clothing trends into the late 1970s were quoted in the trade papers with comments such as, Jeans are m ore than a make.They are an established attitude about clothes and lifestyle. This attitude could be seen very clearly in the beautify denim craze which saw beaded, embroidered, multi-coloured and sequined jeans appearing on streets from California to New York and across the ocean. Personalizing ones jeans was such a huge trend in the United States that Levi Strauss & Co. sponsored a Denim Art Contest in 1973, inviting customers to send us slides of their decorated denim. The company received 2,000 entries from 49 of the United States, as well as Canada and the Bahamas. Judges included photographer Imogen Cunningham, designer Rudi Gernreich, the art critic for the San Francisco business relationship newspaper, and the Curator for San Franciscos De Young Museum.The lovable garments were sent on an 18month tour of American museums, and some of them were purchased by LS&CO. for the company Archives. In the Introduction to the catalog published to heed the museum tour, contest coo rdinators wrote that Levis jeans had become a canvas for personal expression. Personal expression found another medium in the 1980s with the designer jean craze of that decade. It seems you cant keep a good fabric down, no matter what form it takes. We all remember the ways in which denim was molded onto our bodies and the way that jeans were now worn almost anywhere, including places where they would have been completed banned in previous years (such as upscale restaurants).A writer for American Fabrics predicted this trend all the way back in 1969, when he wrote, What has happened to denim in the last decade is really a capsule of what happened to America. It has climbed the run of taste. Today, LS&CO. employees wear Levis jeans to work. Looking back, we see that the very first people to wear Levis jeans worked with pick and shovel, and though our tools are computer keyboard, PDA and cell phone, we have both been moved to wear the same thing each and every work day denim jeans. Bo rn in Europe, denims function and variable form found a perfect home in untamed America with the invention of jeans then, as now, denim makes our lives easier by making us comfortable and gives us a little bit of level every time we put it on.